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WONDERS OF NATURE
Anakopia cave. Nature miracle
In the north-west of Georgia, between the Black Sea and the majestic snowy steeps of the Main Caucasian Range, there is a small but surprisingly rich in natural beauty and ancient monuments region - Abkhazia. What wonderful creations of nature the traveler will not meet here! This is the picturesque lake Ritsa, fanned by legends and glorified by guidebooks, which has long been considered the standard of beauty of mountain lakes. This is one of the most waterfall rivers in Europe - the mad Bzyb, in the basin of which there are more than two dozen waterfalls, including one two hundred meters high! This is the famous Botanical Garden in Sukhumi, and the unique Pitsunda pine grove, and the palm alleys of Gagra, and the white-foam cascades of the Inguri River - the largest in Abkhazia. These are, finally, the glaciers and rocks of the Greater Caucasus with blue saucers of lakes and stone rivers of screes at the foot of snow-covered ridges.
Impressions from mountain hikes, of course, will forever remain in the memory. And not a single traveler who has passed the Marukh or Klukhor Pass through the Caucasus Range will ever forget the majestic snowy peaks of the two-headed Elbrus, reddening in the first rays of the rising sun... But, as often happens, among the wonderful landscapes and amazing natural wonders, striking and enchanting, but still found not only here, in Abkhazia, there is one unique pearl of nature in this region, the like of which you will not find anywhere else on our planet . This is a grandiose and fabulous Anakopia cave - one of the most beautiful creations of a mighty sculptor and excavator, artist and hydraulic engineer, to which scientists gave a beautiful name - karst. This cave is located in the vicinity of the resort town, which in ancient times bore the name of Anakopia, and now is called New Athos. Therefore, the famous cave is often also called New Athos. But local residents - Abkhazians - have long called it "Bottomless Pit". Many legends and legends have been composed about the evil mountain spirits living in the "Bottomless" and about the precious treasures hidden there. But for many centuries, not a single daredevil managed to descend into the Anakopia abyss, from which the cave began. Only in 1961 did Georgian speleologists manage to conquer this huge underground cavity. It turned out that the cave consists of two dissimilar parts: very difficult to pass and rather nondescript vertical and beautiful horizontal. The first, however, can only be called vertical. It has a rather spiral shape with alternating vertical passages and steeply sloping crevices and goes almost one and a half hundred meters into the bowels of the Earth. Further, it connects with a suite of halls of the horizontal system, stretching for more than three kilometers and including a number of underground palaces, striking with their fabulous splendor and beauty of their stone decoration. The studies of Georgian athletes and scientists made it possible to open access to the previously impregnable underground treasury. An artificial passage was laid from the surface to one of the halls of the horizontal system, and now thousands of tourists every year discover its wonderful world. The Anakopia cave system is located, as already mentioned, on the outskirts of a picturesque corner of the Black Sea coast - the resort of New Athos. Even before the mass visit to the cave, this place was popular. Mountain ranges, lakes and waterfalls, a fertile warm climate, an abundance of sun and subtropical greenery attracted many tourists here. The average annual temperature here is the same as the average July in Moscow The streets of the resort, planted with alleys of palm trees, bananas, magnolias and pyramidal cypresses, seem to take the traveler somewhere to Costa Rica or Madagascar Roses and camellias, noble laurel, olives and tangerines complete the landscape this marvelous exotic oasis. The narrow passage between the sea and the mountains, where New Athos is located, has long been, in modern terms, a strategic area during military campaigns for three millennia, and many unfortunate conquerors and valiant defenders of the mountain pass laid their heads at the ancient walls of the local fortresses. of them - the ancient Anakopia citadel on the Iberian mountain - archaeologists date back to the XNUMXth century BC. The ruins of the mighty Anakopia fortress of the XNUMXth century AD were also preserved in Athos. Then there was the residence of the rulers of Abkhazia. And at the end of the XNUMXth century, an Orthodox monastery was built on the southern slope of the Iverskaya Mountain, which quickly became famous throughout Russia. Pechersk Lavra. The founding of the New Athos Monastery breathed new life into the abandoned remote town, and by the beginning of the XNUMXth century it had also become a fashionable resort along with Gagra, Pitsunda, Gudauta and other seaside health resorts. Until 1961, New Athos remained only one of many such beautiful and healing corners of the Black Sea coast, but the discovery and equipment for mass visits to the Anakopia cave dramatically changed its fate. Now it is the main center of attraction for tourists visiting the fertile Black Sea subtropics and descending from the Caucasus Mountains after difficult hikes. A three-hundred-meter tunnel has now been pierced through the thickness of the Iverskaya Mountain, through which the electric train takes travelers on a fabulous journey through the giant halls and palaces of the underground kingdom of Anakopia. At the entrance to the first of them - the "Abkhazia" hall - tourists get out of the wagons and begin a one and a half kilometer long walk through the eight most beautiful grottoes of the Anakopia cave. In the first of them there is an underground lake sparkling with an emerald mirror. Like many cave reservoirs, its level is unstable In spring, when the water rises, the depth of the lake reaches thirty meters. The "Abkhazia" is followed by the "Hall of Georgian speleologists" - a grandiose underground palace. Its length is two hundred and sixty meters. Imagine a hall hidden in the bowels of a mountain that can accommodate three football fields, and you will get an idea of the scale of this gigantic underground cavity. In terms of size, the "Hall of Georgian Speleologists" may well compete even with the famous "Big Room" in the Carlsbad Cave in the USA - the largest cave hall in the world. The huge underground palace, like all subsequent halls, demonstrates to viewers all the variety of precious treasures that water flowing through cracks has created over thousands of years, either dissolving rocks and carving halls and passages in the thickness of the mountain, or depositing grain after grain of calcareous secretions and creating amazing stone lace of stalactites, stalagmites, columns and openwork lime curtains and drips. Nature painted them in the most unusual colors, and skillful lighting emphasizes their splendor. Particularly impressive are the fantastically shaped amber and purple streaks that stand out in relief in the light of colored spotlights beating from somewhere on the side. Tourists leave the next hall, "Clay", only after admiring its graceful stalactites and the turquoise surface of another lake from the observation deck. A concrete path with a railing leads them to the southern part of the cave, to new underground wonders. Having passed the gloomy and majestic "Canyon" left to the left, the travelers first head to the "Moscow" hall. The forces of nature appear here as a formidable giant: the primordial chaos of boulders has not yet been draped in this hall with snow-white streaks. Only some sections of it managed to be "repaired" by the arrival of tourists, the main artist and builder of this underground kingdom - water. The "Sukhumi" hall, which closes the first part of the route, is famous for its amazing stalagmites, thin, slender and tall, like pyramidal cypress trees on the main avenue of New Athos. Their gracefulness is especially effectively emphasized by the mighty stalagnate columns located here, decorated with openwork carvings. Then, through the gloomy gorge of the "Canyon", the tourist enters the "Iveria Youth Hall", also famous for the bizarre appearance of its stalagmites. Here they amaze with the contrast of their shapes and sizes: either solid, like mountain oaks, or thin and fragile, like the stems of young bamboo, or clumsy and thick, like old stumps, or rising to the ceiling with huge powerful candelabra, similar to Mexican cacti. And the most beautiful pearl of this fabulous necklace of underground palaces concludes a magical journey in the bowels of the Earth - the Tbilisi Hall. What is there in this fantastic grotto! Limestone stalactites and stalagmites, sometimes merging into stalagnate columns of various shapes and shades of color, stone curtains and streaks, frozen cascades and waterfalls, chandeliers and candelabra, and some generally indescribable sculptures, are an impressive final chord of the underground journey. Unfortunately, the lakes of the Tbilisi hall appear only in spring, when there is enough moisture in the underground cracks of the mountain range, and in the dry season the water evaporates and they disappear. But the main exhibit of the hall is a unique petrified calcite waterfall, decorated with decorative bas-reliefs and heavy fringe, which is not inferior in size and splendor to similar sculptural creations of the most famous caves in the world. It can easily compete in beauty and size with the world-famous stone curtain of the Laven cave in France. Having looked in farewell to the small "Relict" hall, located on the left along the way, travelers return to the "Tbilisi" hall and, once again admiring its unique stone decorations, head to the exit. And to replace them, the train is already bringing new tourists through the tunnel. The extremely favorable location of New Athos in the center of a lively resort area, which was considered our Cote d'Azur back in tsarist times, provides the Anakopia Cave with a constant influx of those wishing to see the beauty of the underworld. Of all the well-maintained and equipped for tourism caves of the planet Anakopia was the most visited in the 1970-1980s and received almost nine hundred thousand people a year! Even the Postojna Cave, famous throughout Europe, in Slovenia was visited by two hundred thousand less, and the world's longest Mammoth Cave in the USA was one and a half times inferior to the New Athos Cave in terms of the number of visitors. Now the difficult political situation in Georgia is not conducive to the large-scale tourist development of its underground pearl. But it is believed that in the coming years, when peace returns to the fertile land of Abkhazia, hundreds of thousands of people will once again rush to the sunny beaches, fragrant groves and picturesque mountain ranges of this beautiful and ancient land. Author: B.Wagner
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