Floods. Tourist tips

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Floods. Tourist tips

Tourist tips

Directory / Tourist tips

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Flood - excess of water flow over the carrying capacity of the river above the permissible level.

The nature of floods is different, but for the most part it is somehow related to the weather.

Floods are caused by:

1. Heavy rainfall - both very long and relatively short, but extremely intense. Such floods are typical both for low latitudes, where they occur regularly, almost annually, and for areas with a monsoon climate, the rivers of which are characterized by alternating high and low water. In addition, heavy rainfall from temperate cyclones and tropical cyclones can cause flooding as these cyclones slow down.

2. Rapid melting of snow and ice jams. In mid-latitudes, a friendly spring after a snowy winter is always fraught with the danger of floods; Ice jams exacerbate this danger. Critical situations usually arise in the spring, when, as a result of intense advection (transfer) of warm air masses, rapid snow melting begins; glacier-fed rivers can overflow with water even in the summer months, with the rapid melting of glaciers in the mountains.

3. Surge of water from the sea to the coasts and estuaries, which can be caused by wind (as a rule, during the passage of cyclones) or heavy precipitation and water backwater by the sea tide.

It depends on the characteristics of the river basins and the climate of the area. Short-term, but entailing serious consequences, river overflows after heavy rain showers in temperate latitudes occur two to three times per decade, and catastrophic floods are about ten times less common, that is, two to three times per century and not on every river . One should also take into account the influence of artificial regulation of the flow by engineering structures, sometimes completely preventing floods.

Floods are always predictable. But it’s not always possible to escape from it, there is not enough time, because. in different cases it comes at different speeds and in stock is from many days and even weeks to several hours. For the basin of each river and its individual sections, the solution of this problem is of an individual nature. Floods can in some cases be precalculated from a set of hydrometeorological characteristics used in the precomputation program. They can be predicted by various methods based on the previous response of the watershed to precipitation.

In any case, the decisive role belongs to the completeness and accuracy of information on precipitation, soil moisture deficit, water levels in rivers and other hydrometeorological characteristics, such as general synoptic conditions, wind, atmospheric pressure, etc.

For example, floods in Leningrad, caused by a surge of water at the mouth of the Neva from the Gulf of Finland during deep cyclones over the Baltic Sea, have been predicted for many years with sufficient advance and accuracy. For their forecast, data are used on the position of cyclones over the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Bothnia, on wind and atmospheric pressure, and on the water level in the eastern part of the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Finland, recorded by posts on the coast and on the islands of these water areas.

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