|
Arabic
Bengali
Chinese
English
French
German
Hebrew
Hindi
Italian
Japanese
Korean
Malay
Polish
Portuguese
Spanish
Turkish
Ukrainian
Vietnamese|
BIOGRAPHIES OF GREAT SCIENTISTS
Pirogov Nikolay Ivanovich. Biography of a scientist
Directory / Biographies of great scientists
The future great doctor was born on November 13 (25), 1810 in Moscow. His father served as treasurer. Ivan Ivanovich Pirogov had fourteen children, most of them died in infancy; of the six survivors, Nikolai was the youngest. A family friend helped him get an education - a well-known Moscow doctor, professor of Moscow University E. Mukhin, who noticed the boy's abilities and began to work with him individually. When Nikolai was fourteen years old, he entered the medical faculty of Moscow University. To do this, he had to add two years to himself, but he passed the exams no worse than his older comrades. Pirogov studied easily. In addition, he had to constantly earn extra money to help his family. Finally, Pirogov managed to get a job as a dissector in the anatomical theater. This job gave him invaluable experience and convinced him that he should become a surgeon. After graduating from the university, one of the first in terms of academic performance, Pirogov went to prepare for a professorship at the University of Dorpat. At that time, this university was considered the best in Russia. Here, in the surgical clinic, Pirogov worked for five years, brilliantly defended his doctoral dissertation, and at the age of twenty-six became a professor of surgery. He chose as the subject of his dissertation the ligation of the abdominal aorta, performed until that time - and then with a fatal outcome - only once by the English surgeon Astley Cooper. The conclusions of the Pirogov dissertation were equally important for both theory and practice. He was the first to study and describe the topography, that is, the location of the abdominal aorta in humans, circulatory disorders during its ligation, the circulatory pathways with its obstruction, and explained the causes of postoperative complications. He proposed two ways to access the aorta: transperitoneal and extraperitoneal. When any damage to the peritoneum threatened death, the second method was especially necessary. Astley Cooper, who ligated the aorta for the first time in an transperitoneal way, said, having become acquainted with Pirogov's dissertation, that if he happened to have the operation again, he would have chosen a different method. Is this not the highest recognition! When Pirogov, after five years in Dorpat, went to Berlin to study, the famous surgeons, to whom he went with a respectfully bowed head, read his dissertation, hastily translated into German. He found a teacher who, more than others, combined everything that he was looking for in the surgeon Pirogov, not in Berlin, but in Göttingen, in the person of Professor Langenbeck. The Göttingen professor taught him the purity of surgical techniques. He taught him to hear the whole and complete melody of the operation. He showed Pirogov how to adapt the movements of the legs and the whole body to the actions of the operating hand. He hated slowness and demanded fast, precise and rhythmic work. Returning home, Pirogov fell seriously ill and was left for treatment in Riga. Riga was lucky: if Pirogov had not fallen ill, she would not have become a platform for his rapid recognition. As soon as Pirogov got up from the hospital bed, he undertook to operate. The city had heard rumors before about the promising young surgeon. Now it was necessary to confirm the good reputation that ran far ahead. He began with rhinoplasty: he carved out a new nose for a noseless barber. Then he recalled that it was the best nose he had ever made in his life. Plastic surgery was followed by inevitable lithotomies, amputations, removal of tumors. In Riga, he operated for the first time as a teacher. From Riga he went to Derpt, where he learned that the Moscow chair promised to him had been given to another candidate. But he was lucky - Ivan Filippovich Moyer handed over his clinic in Dorpat to the student. One of the most significant works of Pirogov is the "Surgical Anatomy of Arterial Trunks and Fascias" completed in Dorpat. Already in the name itself, giant layers are raised - surgical anatomy, a science that Pirogov created from his first, youthful works, erected, and the only pebble that started the movement of bulks - fascia. Before Pirogov, they almost did not deal with fascia: they knew that there were such fibrous fibrous plates, membranes surrounding muscle groups or individual muscles, they saw them, opening corpses, stumbled upon them during operations, cut them with a knife, not attaching importance to them. Pirogov begins with a very modest task: he undertakes to study the direction of the fascial membranes. Having learned the particular, the course of each fascia, he goes to the general and deduces certain patterns of the position of the fascia relative to nearby vessels, muscles, nerves, and discovers certain anatomical patterns. Everything that Pirogov discovered, he does not need in itself, he needs all this in order to indicate the best methods for performing operations, first of all, "to find the right way to ligate this or that artery," as he says. This is where the new science created by Pirogov begins - this is surgical anatomy. Why does a surgeon need anatomy at all, he asks: is it just to know the structure of the human body? And he answers: no, not only! The surgeon, explains Pirogov, should deal with anatomy differently than an anatomist. Thinking about the structure of the human body, the surgeon cannot for a moment lose sight of what the anatomist does not even think about - the landmarks that will show him the way during the operation. Pirogov supplied the description of operations with drawings. Nothing like the anatomical atlases and tables that were used before him. No discounts, no conventions - the greatest accuracy of the drawings: the proportions are not violated, every branch, every knot, lintel is preserved and reproduced. Pirogov, not without pride, suggested that patient readers check any detail of the drawings in the anatomical theater. He did not yet know that he had new discoveries ahead of him, the highest accuracy ... In the meantime, he goes to France, where five years earlier, after a professorial institute, the authorities did not want to let him go. In the Parisian clinics, he grasps some amusing particulars and does not find anything unknown. It is curious: as soon as he was in Paris, he hurried to the famous professor of surgery and anatomy Velpo and found him reading "Surgical Anatomy of the Arterial Trunks and Fascia" ... In 1841, Pirogov was invited to the Department of Surgery at the Medical and Surgical Academy of St. Petersburg. Here the scientist worked for more than ten years and created the first surgical clinic in Russia. In it, he founded another branch of medicine - hospital surgery. He came to the capital as a winner. Three hundred people, no less, crowd into the audience where he reads a course of surgery: not only doctors crowd on the benches, students from other educational institutions, writers, officials, military men, artists, engineers, even ladies come to listen to Pirogov. Newspapers and magazines write about him, compare his lectures with the concerts of the famous Italian Angelica Catalani, that is, with divine singing, they compare his speech about incisions, stitches, purulent inflammations and the results of autopsies. Nikolai Ivanovich is appointed director of the Tool Factory, and he agrees. Now he comes up with tools that any surgeon will use to perform the operation well and quickly. He is asked to accept a consultant position in one hospital, another, a third, and he again agrees. But not only well-wishers surround the scientist. He has a lot of envious people and enemies who are disgusted by the zeal and fanaticism of the doctor. In the second year of his life in St. Petersburg, Pirogov fell seriously ill, poisoned by hospital miasma and the bad air of the dead. I couldn't get up for a month and a half. He felt sorry for himself, poisoned his soul with sorrowful thoughts about years lived without love and lonely old age. He went over in his memory all those who could bring him family love and happiness. The most suitable of them seemed to him Ekaterina Dmitrievna Berezina, a girl from a well-born, but collapsed and greatly impoverished family. A hurried modest wedding took place. Pirogov had no time - great things were waiting for him. He simply locked his wife within the four walls of a rented and, on the advice of acquaintances, furnished apartment. He didn’t take her to the theater, because he disappeared until late at the anatomical theater, he didn’t go to balls with her, because balls are idleness, he took away her novels and slipped her scientific journals in return. Pirogov jealously pushed his wife away from her friends, because she had to belong entirely to him, just as he belongs entirely to science. And for a woman, probably, there was too much and too little of one great Pirogov. Ekaterina Dmitrievna died in her fourth year of marriage, leaving Pirogov two sons: the second cost her her life. But in the difficult days of grief and despair for Pirogov, a great event happened - his project of the world's first Anatomical Institute was approved by the highest. On October 16, 1846, the first test of ether anesthesia took place. And he quickly began to conquer the world. In Russia, the first operation under anesthesia was performed on February 7, 1847 by Pirogov's comrade at the professorial institute, Fedor Ivanovich Inozemtsev. He headed the Department of Surgery at Moscow University. Nikolay Ivanovich performed the first operation with the use of anesthesia a week later. But from February to November 1847, Inozemtsev performed eighteen operations under anesthesia, and by May 1847 Pirogov had received the results of fifty. During the year, six hundred and ninety operations were performed under anesthesia in thirteen cities of Russia. Three hundred of them are from Pirogovo! Soon, Nikolai Ivanovich took part in hostilities in the Caucasus. Here, in the village of Salty, for the first time in the history of medicine, he began to operate on the wounded with ether anesthesia. In total, the great surgeon performed about 10 operations under ether anesthesia. Once, while walking through the market, Pirogov saw how butchers were sawing cow carcasses into pieces. The scientist drew attention to the fact that the location of the internal organs is clearly visible on the cut. After some time, he tried this method in the anatomical theater, sawing frozen corpses with a special saw. Pirogov himself called this "ice anatomy". Thus was born a new medical discipline - topographic anatomy. With the help of cuts made in this way, Pirogov compiled the first anatomical atlas, which became an indispensable guide for surgeons. Now they have the opportunity to operate, causing minimal injury to the patient. This atlas and the technique proposed by Pirogov became the basis for the entire subsequent development of operative surgery. After the death of Ekaterina Dmitrievna Pirogov was left alone. "I have no friends," he admitted with his usual frankness. And at home, the boys, sons, Nikolai and Vladimir were waiting for him. Pirogov twice unsuccessfully tried to marry for convenience, which he did not consider it necessary to hide from himself, from acquaintances, it seems that from the girls planned to be the bride. In a small circle of acquaintances, where Pirogov sometimes spent evenings, he was told about the twenty-two-year-old Baroness Alexandra Antonovna Bistrom, who enthusiastically read and reread his article on the ideal of a woman. The girl feels like a lonely soul, thinks a lot and seriously about life, loves children. In conversation, she was called "a girl with convictions." Pirogov proposed to Baroness Bistrom. She agreed. Going to the estate of the bride's parents, where it was supposed to play an inconspicuous wedding, Pirogov, confident in advance that the honeymoon, breaking his usual activities, would make him quick-tempered and intolerant, asked Alexandra Antonovna to pick up crippled poor people in need of an operation for his arrival: work will delight the first time love! When the Crimean War began in 1853, Nikolai Ivanovich considered it his civic duty to go to Sevastopol. He was appointed to the active army. While operating on the wounded, Pirogov for the first time in the history of medicine used a plaster cast, which made it possible to speed up the healing process of fractures and saved many soldiers and officers from ugly curvature of the limbs. The most important merit of Pirogov is the introduction of sorting the wounded in Sevastopol: one operation was done directly in combat conditions, others were evacuated inland after first aid. On his initiative, a new form of medical care was introduced in the Russian army - nurses appeared. Thus, it was Pirogov who laid the foundations of military field medicine. After the fall of Sevastopol, Pirogov returned to St. Petersburg, where, at a reception at Alexander II, he reported on the mediocre leadership of the army by Prince Menshikov. The tsar did not want to heed the advice of Pirogov, and from that moment Nikolai Ivanovich fell out of favor. He left the Medico-Surgical Academy. Appointed as a trustee of the Odessa and Kyiv educational districts, Pirogov is trying to change the school system that existed in them. Naturally, his actions led to a conflict with the authorities, and the scientist had to leave his post. For some time, Pirogov settled in his estate Vishnya near Vinnitsa, where he organized a free hospital. He traveled from there only abroad, and also at the invitation of St. Petersburg University to give lectures. By this time, Pirogov was already a member of several foreign academies. In May 1881, the fiftieth anniversary of Pirogov's scientific activity was solemnly celebrated in Moscow and St. Petersburg. The great Russian physiologist Sechenov addressed him with a greeting. However, at that time the scientist was already terminally ill, and on November 23 (December 5), 1881, he died on his estate. The significance of Pirogov's activity lies in the fact that with his selfless and often disinterested work he turned surgery into a science, equipping doctors with a scientifically based method of surgical intervention. Shortly before his death, the scientist made another discovery - he proposed a completely new way of embalming the dead. To this day, the body of Pirogov himself, embalmed in this way, is kept in the church of the village of Vishnya (now part of Vinnitsa). The memory of the great surgeon is preserved to this day. Every year on his birthday, a prize and a medal named after him are awarded for achievements in the field of anatomy and surgery. In the house where Pirogov lived, a museum of the history of medicine was opened, in addition, some medical institutions and city streets were named after him. Author: Samin D.K.
▪ Heisenberg Werner. Biography
Machine for thinning flowers in gardens
02.05.2024 Advanced Infrared Microscope
02.05.2024 Air trap for insects
01.05.2024
▪ A walk in the forest normalizes blood pressure and improves mood ▪ Siberian fires warm up the Arctic ▪ Orangutan language deciphered ▪ Li-ion battery with sand anode ▪ A new form of matter - liquid glass
▪ section of the site Note to the student. Article selection ▪ article Boyle-Mariotte Law. History and essence of scientific discovery ▪ article Who and when discovered unicorns and winged humanoids on the moon? Detailed answer ▪ article Deputy store manager. Job description ▪ article Capacitive relay. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews
www.diagram.com.ua |
We recommend interesting articles Section 
See other articles Section 
Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:
All languages of this page