Map projections. Tourist tips

TOURIST ADVICE
Free library / Directory / Tourist tips

Map projections. Tourist tips

Tourist tips

One of the problems that early cartographers faced was the difficulty of accurately reproduction of the convex surface of the earth on the map plane. The XNUMXth-century Flemish cartographer Gerard Mercator (a Latinized version of his surname Kremer) solved this problem by using a projection known as a cylindrical projection.

map grid, depiction on a map of geographic meridians and parallels in one or another cartographic projection. Serves to construct a cartographic image and allows you to determine the coordinates of points from the map.

Map projections, mathematical methods of depicting the surface of the earth's ellipsoid or sphere on a plane. Map projections determine the relationship between the coordinates of points on the surface of the earth's ellipsoid and on the surface. Due to the impossibility of unfolding the surface of an ellipsoid (or ball) on a plane without folds or breaks on the map, some distortions of the geometric properties of the depicted surface are inevitable. Cartographic projections are distinguished by the nature of distortions (conformal, equal-area and arbitrary, including equidistant); in view of images of parallels and meridians (cylindrical, conical, azimuthal, polyconical, pseudoconical, pseudocylindrical, conditional). The use of certain map projections depends on the purpose of the map, the configuration and position of the mapped area.

loxodromia (loxodrome) (from the Greek loxos - oblique and dromos - run, path), a line on a sphere (or any other surface of revolution) intersecting all meridians at a constant angle K. on maps in the Mercator projection, loxodromes are depicted as straight lines. Used by navigation and air navigation.

orthodrome (from the Greek orthos - straight), the shortest line between two points on a sphere (or any other surface of revolution)

Cylindrical projections - map projections, the meridians of which are equidistant parallel lines, and the parallels are straight lines perpendicular to them. They are used to depict areas extended along the equator or any parallel. The Mercat projection is used in navigation, and the equiangular transverse cylindrical projection is used when creating topographic maps.

Conic projections - cartographic projections, the parallels of which are arcs of conical circles, and the meridians are their radii, the angles between which are proportional to the differences in longitude; Conical projection distortions do not depend on longitude. Used for maps of territories stretched along parallels (for example, the Russian Federation)

Azimuthal projections - cartographic projections, parallels of norms. the grids of which are concentric circles, and the meridians are their radii, diverging from a common center at angles equal to the differences in longitude. Normalized azimuthal projections are used for maps of polar countries, transverse and oblique azimuthal projections are used for maps of hemispheres, continents, the starry sky and other planets.

Conformal projectionsand (conformal projections) - cartographic projections that convey angles on maps without distortion, and maintain a constant scale in all directions at each point, although the scale is different in different places on the map, used for constructing large and medium-scale maps.

Equal Area Projections (equivalent) cartographic projections, which maintain a single area scale throughout the map, so that the areas of the figures on the map are proportional to the areas of the corresponding figures in nature; used for small-scale constructions.

Geographical coordinates - latitude and longitude determine the position of a point on the earth's surface. Geographic latitude is the angle between the plumb line at a given point and the plane of the equator, measured from 0 to 90 on both sides of the equator. Geographic longitude is the angle between the plane of the meridian passing through a given point and the plane of the initial, prime meridian. Longitudes from 0 to 180 east of Greenwich are called eastern, and those to the west are called western.

We recommend interesting articles Section Tourist tips:

▪ time orientation

▪ waterfowl

▪ And a backpack and a string bag

See other articles Section Tourist tips.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

New method for creating powerful batteries 08.05.2024

With the development of technology and the expanding use of electronics, the issue of creating efficient and safe energy sources is becoming increasingly urgent. Researchers at the University of Queensland have unveiled a new approach to creating high-power zinc-based batteries that could change the landscape of the energy industry. One of the main problems with traditional water-based rechargeable batteries was their low voltage, which limited their use in modern devices. But thanks to a new method developed by scientists, this drawback has been successfully overcome. As part of their research, scientists turned to a special organic compound - catechol. It turned out to be an important component that can improve battery stability and increase its efficiency. This approach has led to a significant increase in the voltage of zinc-ion batteries, making them more competitive. According to scientists, such batteries have several advantages. They have b ... >>

Alcohol content of warm beer 07.05.2024

Beer, as one of the most common alcoholic drinks, has its own unique taste, which can change depending on the temperature of consumption. A new study by an international team of scientists has found that beer temperature has a significant impact on the perception of alcoholic taste. The study, led by materials scientist Lei Jiang, found that at different temperatures, ethanol and water molecules form different types of clusters, which affects the perception of alcoholic taste. At low temperatures, more pyramid-like clusters form, which reduces the pungency of the "ethanol" taste and makes the drink taste less alcoholic. On the contrary, as the temperature increases, the clusters become more chain-like, resulting in a more pronounced alcoholic taste. This explains why the taste of some alcoholic drinks, such as baijiu, can change depending on temperature. The data obtained opens up new prospects for beverage manufacturers, ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Photorelay Toshiba TLP3122A 29.06.2018

Toshiba Electronics Europe has released a new TLP3122A photoelectric switch designed for factory automation systems and other industrial applications, including building automation systems, security systems and semiconductor testing equipment.

The new photo relay uses MOSFETs manufactured using the most advanced U-MOS IX manufacturing process to reduce on-state resistance. The TLP3122A is available in a miniature 6-pin SO4 package, capable of 60 V off-state (VOFF) output, 1,4 A continuous on-state current (ION), and up to 4,2 A surge-on current (IONP) .Typical on-resistance (RON) is only 0,13 ohms for high efficiency performance, and off-state current is only 1 µA.

The device has low switching times: 3 ms (tON, on time) and 1 ms (tOFF, off time). The insulation voltage is 3750 Vrms. The light switch is fully UL1577 certified for safety critical applications.

The TLP3122A photo relay with normally open output replaces mechanical relays with one make contact (1-Form-A) to increase system reliability and save space required to house relays and their drivers. In addition, the TLP3122A is rated to operate from -40 to 110°C, allowing it to be used in industrial applications and easily provide thermal headroom for system-level thermal design.

The new TLP3122A photo relay is directly compatible with the TLP3122 photo relay in the traditional 2.54SOP4 package. It also helps reduce system drive current, making it suitable as a replacement for a wide variety of mechanical relays.

Other interesting news:

▪ Smartphones can withstand 15 meter drops

▪ sports allergy

▪ New record for longest non-stop flight

▪ MobileSafety phone with one button

▪ Monoblock Sony VAIO J

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the site Normative documentation on labor protection. Article selection

▪ Mankurt article. Popular expression

▪ article What kind of protection against Gagarin's insanity did the engineers of the spacecraft provide? Detailed answer

▪ article Single-bucket excavator driver. Standard instruction on labor protection

▪ article Microcontrollers. Directory

▪ article A drawing that paints itself. Focus Secret

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews