Clouds of the middle tier. Travel Tips

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Clouds of the middle tier. Travel Tips

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All middle tier clouds have a mixed structure of a mixture of droplets with ice crystals. Mid-level clouds are usually found at altitudes of 2-7 km for temperate latitudes, 2-4 km for polar latitudes and 2-8 km for tropical latitudes. Since their heights are small, they mainly consist of water droplets, but in winter, and even in our latitudes, of course, they contain ice crystals. Precipitation falling from them in summer does not reach the surface of the earth.

Altocumulus clouds (Altocumulus) are formed at an altitude of 2-6 km. These white or gray translucent clouds look like layers and parallel ridges built from rounded masses, shafts or large flakes; they do not produce precipitation. Unlike cirrocumulus clouds, which are upper-level clouds, they can have shadowed parts, usually consisting of water droplets.

Altocumulus clouds usually occur as a result of rising warm air masses, as well as the arrival of a cold front that pushes warm air upward. Therefore, the presence of altocumulus clouds on a warm and humid summer morning often heralds the imminent appearance of thunderclouds or a change in weather.

These clouds come in many varieties. The most important of these are altocumulus tower clouds, which are a collection of small mid-level cumulus clouds in the form of small towers arranged in regular rows and giving the cloud a jagged character. They indicate air instability at this level. Under favorable conditions, towering clouds turn into powerful cumulus and even cumulonimbus clouds, i.e. turn into clouds of vertical development, but with a higher base than in cases where convection begins in the lower layers of the atmosphere.

Altostratus clouds (Altostratus) are formed at an altitude of 3-5 km in the form of a veil of light gray or bluish color, in which stripes or fibers can be distinguished. The sun and moon are visible through these clouds very dimly, much like a spiral in a frosted light bulb is visible. They almost always replace cirrostratus.

Most often, such clouds arise during the process of descent and compaction of cirrostratus clouds. They consist of small droplets of water, but the top of these clouds can reach the upper tier and consist of ice crystals. In this case, ice crystals falling into the bulk of the cloud act as condensation nuclei and cause precipitation. Altostratus clouds cover large areas; as they descend, their bases become denser, and small dark patches appear underneath them.

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Researchers from the CNRS (French National Center for Scientific Research) and CEA have discovered a new source of cosmic rays while working with the European astronomical X-ray satellite XMM-Newton. It is located in close proximity to the Arches Star Cluster, not far from the center of our Milky Way galaxy.

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