DC sources - do it yourself. Scheme, description

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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DC sources - do it yourself. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Electricity for beginners

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The article will focus on the manufacture and use of direct current sources.

Solar battery can be made from defective high and medium power transistors in a metal case, if they do not have a short circuit between the base and collector or base and emitter. At the transistor, the case is carefully removed or its upper part is cut off. When one element is illuminated, it delivers a current of approximately 0,2 ... 1,5 mA to the load at a voltage of about 0,15 V. The battery is made up of two parallel-connected rows of such photoconverters, in each row there are 10-12 elements connected in series. Using transistors P201-P203, P213-P217, you can get a current of about 1,5mA at a voltage of XNUMX V. A photovoltaic battery can be obtained by connecting in parallel several photoconverters from faulty imported microcalculators or domestic cameras (such as "Zenith", etc.).

thermoelectric battery

DC sources - do it yourself

For the battery, it is necessary to make 60 thermoelements, each of which is two pieces of wire 130 ... 140 mm long and about 1,3 mm in diameter, twisted at one end with pliers (approximately 3~5 turns). After twisting, the ends are welded with an acetylene torch or soldered with silver over a gas burner. You can also use spot welding. Thermoelements are placed radially with junctions towards the center on a board made of asbestos-cement with a thickness of at least 5 mm. "Cold" ends of thermoelements are connected in series. The finished thermoelectric battery is heated in the middle part above the burner or fire. When heated, the battery has a voltage of about 4,5 V at a current of 0,3 A, which is quite enough, for example, to operate a micromotor or a transistor radio. With a serial connection of any number of identical thermocouples, the thermoEMF at the output terminals increases, but the internal resistance of the battery increases by the same amount.

Galvanic cell consists of steel and copper plates, separated by a layer of blotting paper or foam rubber, soaked in a weak solution of table salt (0,5 teaspoon per glass of water). The use of copper, zinc or tin plates gives a great effect.

To get a current source with an EMF of 0,1 V, it is enough to insert two conductors (iron and copper) into a lemon, an apple, or a pickle (or even better, beer). By connecting several of these elements, you can get a battery to power a simple radio receiver. You can make a chemical current element by taking a sheet of fibrous paper soaked in potassium persulfate and coal dust. This sheet is covered on one side with conductive aluminum foil, and on the other, first with a sheet of thin dry paper, for example filter paper, containing salt crystals, and then with thin zinc or magnesium foil. Such an element with dimensions of 1x45x44 mm for 5 ... 7 minutes gives a current of up to 0,5 A at a voltage of 2 V. Before use, the filter paper is moistened, and then zinc foil is applied to it.

And in conclusion, about the operation of serial galvanic cells. To increase the service life of the elements, it is necessary that the maximum current consumption is 0,01 ... 0,02 and does not exceed 0,1 ... 0,2 of the initial capacitance of the source. The discharge of the elements is allowed up to 0,8 V. With their further use, the internal resistance sharply increases. If the element is additionally recharged (regenerated) with a pulsating current, the service life of the element can be significantly increased. Regeneration of elements can be carried out using a simple device (see figure).

When working in electric lamps, the capacitance of the elements quickly decreases, however, after the filament of the incandescent lamp is no longer heated, the element can work in transistor equipment for a long time, giving a current of 30 ... 50 mA to the load.

It is necessary to store the element in a cool dry place (for example, on the bottom shelf of the refrigerator).

Author: N.N. Chekharivsky

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