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PERSONAL TRANSPORT: GROUND, WATER, AIR
Motonarts. Personal transport
Directory / Personal transport: land, water, air The idea to make motor sledges, and such that they could be driven on loose snow, took possession of me a long time ago, about fifteen years ago. But I was in no hurry to get to work, carefully considering how I would like to see my snowmobile. So gradually a constructive scheme took shape in my head with a mover in the form of two blocks of skis, surrounded by a light caterpillar belt. What prompted me to this design? Of course, the long-term practice of ski trips. Skiing in our area is really a basic necessity, it is difficult to do without them. I remember how in childhood we made them ourselves, and modern factory ones are hardly better in quality.
So, skiing, I noticed two things. First of all, if any object accidentally falls under the ski - a pole, a smooth knot of a branch, etc., then the glide improves. And one more thing: when climbing uphill with a "ladder", even loose, freshly fallen snow holds the skier well, without sliding down. These two observations prompted the installation of skis inside the "endless" caterpillar ladder. Such a design, in my opinion, was supposed to provide a low specific pressure and good maneuverability even when driving along rather steep slopes of the hills.
And more than a decade of operation of the snowmobile confirmed my assumptions. Practice has shown that the fears of using such a scheme to reduce the overall efficiency and increase wear due to friction turned out to be in vain. The fact is that snow always gets between the skis and the tracks of the Caterpillar, and this is an excellent lubricant! The mover works even better at a temperature of -10 ° ... -20 ° C - then a thin ice crust forms on the tracks, along which iron-bound skis slide. At positive temperatures, the resistance to movement increases markedly, but this drawback is inherent in serial "blizzards" to an even greater extent. Now about the design of the snowmobile. The frame is made of a corner with a section of 35x35 mm; the front part is bent after heating in the oven (however, this is not necessary). Basically, its elements are welded, but some parts are fastened with M1C bolts. The transverse beam for the rocker arm of the steering device, as not perceiving the main loads, can be made from rolled products of a smaller section.
13,5 hp engine with forced cooling, taken from the Izh-Plaieta motorcycle of the first release. The car does not have a reverse gear, but if desired, it can be done by installing an additional gearbox instead of an intermediate shaft. Transmission - chain, assembled from motorcycle parts. The first stage - from the output sprocket of the engine to the intermediate shaft, the second - from the intermediate shaft to the drive shaft of the propeller. Gear ratio of the second stage - 1; its necessity is caused by the layout. The length of both chains is the same - 22 links each (44 rollers); the stars are also the same - Z = 19.
The propeller includes a caterpillar belt, two shafts with sprockets and a carriage with two ski blocks. On the drive shaft, two sprockets Z = 10 are installed under the chain with a pitch of 38 mm from a decommissioned combine harvester. On the driven shaft, an asterisk of a slightly larger diameter, Z = 14. Both shafts (as, indeed, the third - intermediate) are installed in bearings No. carriage beam. The chain tension is adjusted by moving the axis of the carriage with a special device. The axis of the carriage is a thick-walled pipe d 205 mm (the steering column is made of the same). The arcs of the carriage are welded, box-shaped, the ends are connected on hinges with two transverse beams - corners with a section of 10X25 mm. Five skis are attached to the beams. Width of each - 30 mm; the gaps between the central ones are 30 mm, between the extreme ones - 100 mm (for the passage of the caterpillar chain). Carriage skis are homemade, made of a birch trunk, which has a curved shape. The latter is necessary, since skis made using conventional technology can almost completely straighten out after several trips through wet snow. The ski runners are shackled with a thin steel sheet or tin. Nails are not recommended; it is better to provide the required number of special petals when cutting the sheet. And we should not forget that the skis, in addition to the central one, must have a metal edge along the entire length from the edge where the caterpillar chains pass.
The caterpillar belt consists of two chains with a pitch of 38 mm, to which tracks are attached through a link on special corners with Mb bolts - plastic strips with a section of 50x16 mm. Planks were originally made of wood; I drove at least 10 thousand km on them. However, it turned out that in warm weather and when driving on knurled roads, they behave unsatisfactorily, greatly increasing the resistance. Then I made a steel mold and cast new tracks from molten plastic (in this case, they can even be provided with a peculiar pattern of "soles"). Since then, I have not complained: with the same mass, the new caterpillar surpasses its predecessor in all respects. Trucks (through one) on the outer sides of the chains have steel bosses-limiters. They are necessary for centering the track: their rounded side slides over the metal-edged side of the outer skis. In general, the propulsion carriage should be designed in such a way that when driving on an uneven surface, the caterpillar in no case does not touch the snowmobile frame at the top.
The steering of the snowmobile includes two front swivel skis on vertical axles and a system of levers and rods. In general, the control scheme is clear from the above figure, and for sure it can be improved. It is also worth improving the engine mounting scheme. I have an additional element on my snowmobile - a screw that rests at one end against the intermediate shaft bracket, and at the other end against the sub-engine bracket. It serves to “compress” the engine as necessary, thereby ensuring the normal tension of the chain of the first stage of the transmission, since the design of the sub-frame is not so rigid as to exclude possible weakening of the chain. I do not provide drawings of the screw, since it is more expedient to make a special tensioner. In conclusion, about the operational characteristics of the snowmobile. It serves me, as I said, for more than ten years and has never failed. Cross-country ability is excellent: half a meter of freshly fallen snow, for example, is far from an obstacle for him. Speed - about 40 km / h, average fuel consumption - 20 liters per 150 km. The carrying capacity of the body is 250 kg, an additional ski semi-trailer can also be used - then more cargo can be taken. If necessary, the snowmobile is towed by a car: to do this, you need to remove the caterpillar, and the car will lower directly onto the skis. Author: E.Miroshin
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