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PERSONAL TRANSPORT: GROUND, WATER, AIR
Biplane Grasshopper. Personal transport
Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Personal transport: land, water, air Building my own plane has been a dream of mine since childhood. However, I was able to implement it not so long ago, although I paved the way to the sky in military aviation, and then - on a hang-glider. Then he built an airplane. But the lack of experience and knowledge in this matter also gave the corresponding result - the plane never took off. The failure not only discouraged the desire to build aircraft, but cooled the ardor thoroughly - a lot of time and effort was spent. And this desire was revived, in general, by the case when it became possible to inexpensively purchase some parts from the decommissioned An-2 aircraft, more popularly known under the name "Kukuruznik". And I bought something just ailerons with trim tabs and flaps. But from them it was already possible to make wings for a light biplane aircraft. Well, the wing is almost half a plane! Why did you decide to build a biplane? Yes, because the aileron area for the monoplane was not enough. But for a biplane - it was quite enough, and the An-2 even shortened the wings from the ailerons a little. Ailerons are only on the lower wing. They are made of twin aileron trimmers of the same An-2 aircraft and are suspended on the wing on conventional piano hinges. To increase the efficiency of aircraft control along the trailing edge of the ailerons, wooden (pine) triangular rails 10 mm high are glued on top and covered with strips of sheathing fabric.
The aircraft was conceived as a training aircraft, and according to the classification it belongs to ultralight devices (ultralights). By design, the aircraft is a single-seat, single-column biplane with a tricycle landing gear with a steerable tail wheel. I could not pick up any prototype, and therefore I decided to design and build according to the classical scheme and, as motorists say, without additional options, that is, in the simplest version with an open cabin.
The upper wing of the "Grasshopper" is raised above the fuselage (like a parasol) and fixed slightly ahead of the cockpit on a support made of duralumin pipes (from An-2 aileron rods) in the form of an inclined pyramid. The wing is detachable, consists of two consoles, the joint between which is covered with an overlay. Wing set - metal (duralumin), sheathing - linen impregnated with enamel. The tips and root parts of the wing consoles are also sheathed with a thin duralumin sheet. The upper wing consoles are additionally reinforced with struts extending from the attachment points of the inter-wing struts to the lower fuselage spars. The air pressure receiver is fixed at a distance of 650 mm from the end of the left console of the upper wing. The lower wing consoles are also detachable, attached to the lower fuselage spars (on the sides of the cockpit). The gaps between the root part and the fuselage are covered with linen (impregnated with enamel) fairings, which are attached to the consoles on sticky tapes - burdocks. The installation angle of the upper wing is 2 degrees, the lower one is 0. The transverse V of the upper wing is 0, and that of the lower wing is 2 degrees. The sweep angle of the upper wing is 4 degrees, and that of the lower wing is 5 degrees. The lower and upper consoles of each wing are interconnected by racks made, like the struts, of duralumin pipes from the control rods of the An-2 aircraft. The fuselage frame is truss, welded from steel thin-walled (1,2 mm) pipes with an outer diameter of 18 mm. Its basis is four spars: two upper and two lower. Along the sides, a pair of spars (one upper and one lower) are connected by an equal number and equally spaced uprights and struts and form two symmetrical trusses. Pairs of upper and lower spars are connected by crossbars and braces, but their number and location at the top and bottom often do not match. In the same place where the location of the crossbars and racks coincides, they form frames. Forming arcs are welded on top of the front rectangular frames. The rest (rear) fuselage frames are triangular, isosceles. Aircraft performance
The frame is upholstered with unbleached coarse calico, which was then impregnated with home-made "enamel" - celluloid dissolved in acetone. This coating has proven itself among amateur aircraft designers. The front part of the fuselage (up to the cockpit) on the left side in flight is sheathed with thin plastic panels. Panels - removable - for easy access on the ground to the controls in the cab and under the engine. The bottom of the fuselage is made of duralumin sheet 1 mm thick. The tail unit of the aircraft is classic. All its elements are flat. The frames of the keel, stabilizer, rudders and elevators are welded from thin-walled steel pipes with a diameter of 16 mm. Linen sheathing is sewn to the details of the frames, and the seams are additionally glued with strips of the same calico fabric impregnated with enamel. The stabilizer consists of two halves that are attached to the keel. To do this, an M10 pin was passed over the fuselage through the keel near the leading edge, and a tubular axle with a diameter of 14 mm was passed at the trailing edge. Lugs with sector grooves are welded to the root rods of the halves of the stabilizer, which serve to set the horizontal tail at the required angle, depending on the mass of the pilot. Each half is put on a stud with an eyelet and secured with a nut, and the trailing edge tube is attached to the axle and is attracted to the keel with a brace made of steel wire with a diameter of 4 mm. From the editor. To prevent spontaneous rotation of the stabilizer in flight, it is advisable to make several holes for the pin instead of the sector groove in the ears. Now the plane is equipped with a propeller unit with an engine from the Ufa Motor Plant UMZ 440-02 (the plant equips Rys snowmobiles with such motors) with a planetary gear and a two-bladed propeller. 431 cm3 engine with 40 hp. with a speed of up to 6000 per minute of air cooling, two-cylinder, two-stroke, with separate lubrication, runs on gasoline, starting with AI-76. Carburetor - K68R. Air cooling system - although self-made, but effective. Made according to the same scheme as the aircraft engines "Walter-Minor": with an air intake in the form of a truncated cone and deflectors on the cylinders.
Previously, the plane had a modernized engine from the outboard motor "Whirlwind" with a capacity of only 30 hp. and V-belt transmission (gear ratio 2,5). But even with them the plane flew confidently. But the pulling two-blade monoblock (made of pine plywood) home-made screw with a diameter of 1400 mm and a pitch of 800 mm has not changed yet, although I plan to replace it with a more suitable one. A planetary gearbox with a gear ratio of 2,22 ... the new engine got from some foreign car. The silencer for the engine is made from a ten-liter cylinder of a foam fire extinguisher. The fuel tank with a capacity of 17 liters - from the tank of an old washing machine - is made of stainless steel. Installed behind the dashboard. The hood is made of thin sheet duralumin. It has grilles on the sides for the exit of heated air and on the right there is also a hatch with a cover for the output of the cord with a handle - they start the engine. The propeller unit is suspended on a simple motor mount in the form of two consoles with struts, the rear ends of which are fixed on the posts of the front frame-frame of the fuselage frame.
The electrical equipment of the aircraft is 12-volt. The main landing gear legs are welded from sections of a steel pipe with a diameter of 30 mm, and their struts are made from a pipe with a diameter of 22 mm. The shock absorber is a rubber cord wound around the front tubes of the struts and the trapezium of the fuselage frame. The wheels of the main landing gear - non-brake with a diameter of 360 mm - from a mini-mokik, they have reinforced hubs. The rear support has a spring-type shock absorber and a steerable wheel with a diameter of 80 mm (from an aviation ladder). Aileron and elevator control is rigid, from the aircraft control stick through duralumin tube rods; rudder and tail wheel - cable, from the pedals. The construction of the aircraft was completed in 2004, and pilot E.V. Yakovlev. The aircraft passed the technical commission. He made quite long flights in a circle around the airfield. A fuel reserve of 17 liters is enough for about an hour and a half of flight, taking into account the air navigation reserve. Very useful advice and consultations during the construction of the aircraft were given to me by two Eugenes: Sherstnev and Yakovlev, for which I am very grateful to them. Author: S.Zanyukov
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