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PERSONAL TRANSPORT: GROUND, WATER, AIR
Snowmobile Sever-2. Personal transport
Directory / Personal transport: land, water, air In 1959, the Ministry of Communications of the USSR ordered the design bureau of the well-known builder of helicopters, N. I. Kamov, an atypical vehicle for this design bureau - a snowmobile. The developers were given the task of creating a vehicle that could provide postal communications in areas of the North, Siberia, Kazakhstan and the Far East that are hard to reach in winter. A year later, the first batches of snowmobiles, called "North-2", arrived at the postal lines. They replaced the worn-out snowmobiles of the previous releases NKL-16 and NKL-26, which, after the end of the Great Patriotic War, "retrained" into communication vehicles. Aerosleigh "North-2" immediately won recognition. Comfortable, high-speed, roomy, they had good cross-country ability in difficult winter off-road conditions. With their appearance on postal routes, it became possible to ensure regular delivery of mail to the most remote settlements. Suffice it to say that, in cooperation with civil aviation aircraft, these snowmobiles began to regularly deliver central and regional newspapers on the day of their release to all settlements along the Amur in the section from Khabarovsk to Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, to the villages along the Ob River, where the snowmobiles were based in Khanty-Mansiysk and Salekhard, up and down the Lena from the city of Ust-Kut and to dozens of other points scattered across the North, Siberia and the Far East. The average seasonal mileage of snowmobiles on postal lines ranged from 12 to 15 km per vehicle, with an average speed of 30-35 km/h on the most difficult winter routes. But the routes of the snowmobiles passed through deep virgin snow, hummocky ice, they had to work in frosts that reached -50-55 °. None of the vehicles could cope with such difficulties. What did this successful and so reliable car look like? "North-2" - four-ski snowmobile with steerable front skis. The body of the snowmobile is automobile, additionally insulated. The autonomous heating unit maintained positive temperatures in the cab, heated the windshields and warmed up the engine before starting after long stops at low temperatures. Good glazing of the body gave the driver sufficient visibility, and powerful lighting equipment - headlights with high and low beams and a searchlight - made it possible to operate the snowmobile in difficult weather conditions without accidents.
The body was divided into four compartments. The trunk was located under the front hood; batteries were attached to it, and the free space was occupied by covers with which the engine was covered in parking lots, and the necessary tools. The cabin in the front was not much different from the car, and the space behind the seat was occupied by the cargo compartment, into which mail was loaded: parcels, newspapers, letters. If necessary, two or three passengers could be accommodated in this compartment on a folding seat. And finally, there was also the engine compartment, located at the back - where the trunk was on the car. Above the engine compartment, on top of the body, an internal combustion engine closed with an easily removable hood was attached. It was mounted on a sub-frame - a tubular welded spatial truss, the racks of which were bolted to the ears of the rear body frame. The designers used the place under the engine for components and assemblies of motor equipment. It housed: an oil cooler with sleeves for supplying air to it from the air intakes and with a nozzle in which sash blinds were installed; cylinders for compressed air and air system units that provide engine start; autonomous heating unit with a separate fuel tank and a pipeline for supplying heated air to the engine carburetor; engine exhaust pipes.
On the roof of the body, in front of the engine, on the cradles, there was an oil tank, covered with a fairing. Afterward served to organize the flow of air entering under the engine hood and to cool the cylinders. Folding shutters were installed at the air outlet from the engine compartment, with the help of which the driver regulated the degree of engine cooling. An aircraft engine of the AI-2RS type (gear, sledge) designed by A. G. Ivchenko was installed on the Sever-14. machine braking. For safety, the propeller rotation zone had a tubular fence painted bright red. Red and green side lights were placed on the outer ends of the fence pipes. The body of the snowmobile was connected to the skis by elements of the front and rear suspensions. They consisted of semi-axes on which the skis were attached, and shock absorbers that softened the blows when driving over uneven roads. It should be noted that the serial body of the Pobeda car and its internal equipment have undergone only minor modifications. A welded frame was installed in front of the ski suspension. She had platforms against which spring shock absorbers rested and on which automobile dampers were placed. Brackets were welded onto the frame for attaching elements of the front suspension of skis, steering and a tow hook. The space formed under the front hood was sewn up from below with a sheet. Side shields were attached to the front and rear fenders, covering the cutouts of the wheels. The space under the wings of the front wheels was used for fuel tanks. Holes were cut from above to approach the filler necks of the tanks and the sensors of gasoline meters.
The converted dashboard of the car was mounted on rubber shock absorbers and included instruments that control the operation of the propulsion system, and warning lights. To the left of the dashboard and steering column, an electrical panel with toggle switches for controlling electrical units and warning lights was installed. Under the shield was a panel of electrical fuses. To the right of the instrument panel, below the document box, the control knobs for the engine shutters, oil cooler and air heating damper at the carburetor inlet were brought out. Under the dashboard, on the floor, there is a control panel for the fuel and air systems. A manual fuel pump, an engine starting pump, air valves and a pressure gauge were installed on it. Car seats with a backrest were retained, and a glazed bulkhead separated the cab from the cargo compartment. The bulkhead windows and glass doors of the cargo compartment were equipped with metal bars. In the rear part of the body, the structure separating the trunk from the passenger cabin was removed, and the rear passenger seat was removed. Instead, a bulkhead moved back was installed, due to which the capacity of the cargo compartment was increased. It has a hard folding seat. In the folded position, it represents the second floor. The bulkhead has a removable hatch that provides access from inside the cargo compartment to the engine compartment, to the oil cooler, engine units and systems. The rear glass of the car body was removed and replaced with a removable hatch that serves to approach the engine from below. Air intakes are riveted on the side outer walls of the rear part of the body, through which the oncoming air flow through special air ducts enters to cool the oil cooler. A round hole was made on the trunk lid of the car for the exit of the oil cooler tunnel. The bottom of the body has also undergone a change. A number of small brackets and components of automotive systems have been removed. The box, inside of which the cardan shaft passed, has been improved. Its protruding part is cut off and welded with a steel sheet flush with the bottom bottom plating. In the resulting tunnel, communications for controlling the engine and its units and a heating network are laid, supplying warm air from the heater to the driver's cab. For reliable fastening of the elements of the under-engine frame and the rear suspension of the skis, a welded metal frame is brought under the rear of the body, consisting of two longitudinal box-section spars connected by two transverse beams. It is attached by spars to the front suspension units of the rear springs of the machine and to the beams of the bottom of the body. Aerosleigh skis are interchangeable, riveted construction. They are made of duralumin combined with welded steel elements. The ski body included an outer skin, a transverse and longitudinal set - diaphragms and longitudinal profiles. A boar is riveted to them, serving as a bracket for attaching skis to suspension axle shafts. It consists of a riveted base with a transverse partition connected to the ski frame, and a welded steel bracket with a bushing, which is put on the axle shaft. This bracket is bolted to the base.
The front and rear ends of the ski body had steel fittings that protected them from damage during impacts. A removable sole was mounted under the body from below. It consisted of the sole itself - to reduce friction resistance - from a stainless steel sheet, a set of longitudinal profiles, transverse elements and an external undercut, which ensures the stability of the movement of the snowmobile, their controllability. In addition, the undercut prevented the side sliding (skidding) of the car. The soles of the skis were connected to the body with screws, for which anchor nuts were placed around the perimeter of the body. The front suspension almost entirely consisted of "regular" elements of the M-20. It uses springs and their cups, struts, strut connection struts with a hydraulic damper, the damper itself, a rotary axle shaft and all bolted connections with regulating eccentric bushings. Additionally, only a nozzle on the axle shaft and nuts for fastening the ski horns on the axle shafts and rollers were made that fix the nut and prevent its spontaneous loosening. The rear suspension was made according to the pyramid scheme. It consisted of a half shaft, an unloading strut and a pneumohydraulic shock absorber strut. The connections of the axle shaft and the unloading strut with the nodes on the rear frame of the body and the suspension strut by its lower end with the axle shaft and the upper node on the farm of the sub-frame were carried out through cardan joints. The axle shafts are tubular, from the outer end they had welded turned shanks, on which the brackets of the ski horns were put on. The tubular unloading brace had a bushing with an internal thread on the side of connection to the axle shaft. A fork was screwed into the thread, with the help of which the length of the brace was changed and the parallelism of the skis was adjusted. The direction of movement of the snowmobile was changed by turning the front skis, carried out by the driver using the steering mechanism. The details of the controls were mostly kept automotive, but to reduce the effort exerted by the driver on the steering wheel, a gear reducer was introduced into the steering column. The gear lever on the column was used to drive a forced change in the pitch of the propeller blades. The speed of the snowmobile was varied by changing the traction force of the propeller and depended on the rotational speed and the angle of the blades. Braking was provided by transferring the propeller blades to the "reverse" position with an electric toggle switch located on the instrument panel. The snowmobile was equipped with an air-cooled engine with nine star-shaped cylinders. Attached to the engine are a generator, two magnetos, a two-stage oil and petrol pump, an air compressor, an air distributor and a propeller regulator. The engine is attached to the ring of the motor frame on rubber shock-absorbing bushings. The propeller on the motor gearbox shaft is mounted on splines and secured with a special nut screwed onto the threaded end of the shaft. The fuel supply is in three tanks: in the tank of the car and in two containers installed on the right and left under the front fenders, where the steering wheels are located on the car. These tanks are seated on cradles and fastened with metal bands with felt pads and tightening threaded couplings. Author: I. Yuvenaliev
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