Call the rain Drawing, description

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Call the rain Children's Science Lab

Children's Science Lab

Directory / Children's Science Lab

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For experience you need:

adult assistant;
fridge;
Electric kettle;
water;
metal spoon;
saucer;
potholder for hot.

make it rain

1. Put a metal spoon in the refrigerator for half an hour.

2. Ask an adult to help you complete the experiment from start to finish.

3. Boil a full kettle of water. Place a saucer under the spout of the teapot.

4. Using an oven mitt, carefully bring the spoon to the steam rising from the kettle spout. Getting on a cold spoon, steam condenses and spills "rain" on a saucer.

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Random news from the Archive

Beam of cold atoms without laser cooling 26.01.2023

American physicists managed to obtain lithium atoms with a temperature of 10 millikelvins by cooling them in a stream of helium gas and trapping them in a magnetic trap. In terms of efficiency, their method turned out to be no worse than laser cooling, but it can be used with a large number of types of atoms and expand the area of application of cold atomic beams.

It is much easier for experimental physicists to work with atoms, ions and molecules in a chilled state. Cooling down to temperatures below one kelvin minimizes the kinetic energy of the particles, making them more controllable. So they can be sharpened into traps, used for high-precision measurement experiments, such as atomic interferometry, as well as studying quantum phenomena and exotic forms of matter.

In their new experiment, physicists at the University of Texas at Austin have proposed a new way to produce continuous beams of cooled atoms.

The most used method for cooling atoms is laser cooling, which relies on the absorption of light by atoms. A properly chosen frequency below the resonant transition in the atom will cause the particle to waste its kinetic energy, slow down, and eventually cool down. However, despite the success of the method, it is not suitable for all atoms, and also imposes restrictions on some experiments with particles.

Another way to obtain cold beams of atoms and molecules is to use a buffer gas. The buffer gas cooling method works by dissipating the energy of the particles of interest through elastic collisions with cold atoms of an inert gas, such as helium or neon. Since this cooling mechanism does not depend on the internal structure of the particles (unlike laser cooling), buffer gas cooling is applicable to almost any atom or small molecule.

The beam temperature of the resulting atoms is typically in the range of one to several kelvins. Lower temperatures can be achieved using supersonic jets of inert gases, with which the particles are cooled by the adiabatic expansion of the carrier gas.

In their work, the scientists decided to combine the advantages of both methods and created a beam of lithium-7 atoms, which cooled to 10 millikelvins in a chamber with a helium-cooled expansion, releasing a supersonic jet.

In the researchers' experiment, helium-4 gas is fed at supersonic speed into a small cylindrical cell, where it is cooled to a temperature of 4,4 kelvin. A beam of lithium is directed into the helium flow, some of whose atoms are captured by the helium flow and cooled due to collisions with it. The expanded gas jet is redirected to the next vacuum chamber, and the lithium atoms are captured by a magnetic hexapole lens, which focuses them by influencing the magnetic moment. Helium atoms are not focused by a magnet and therefore continue to move in ballistic trajectories until they hit the surface.

So scientists can get the maximum flow of lithium atoms at the lowest possible temperature. The experimenters note that an improved chamber design could increase the flux tenfold, and the approach itself could be adapted to other atoms and molecules, which the scientists plan to test in future work.

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