Acid batteries. reference Information

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2.1. Acid batteries

Batteries and accumulators

The accumulator consists of positive and negative electrodes, sulfuric acid solution (27...39% solution) and a separator separating positive and negative plates. Batteries consist of sections (batteries) connected in series with each other.

The nominal voltage of each battery is 2V. Batteries usually consist of three (total battery voltage 6V) and six cells (total battery voltage 12V). The number of batteries in a battery is indicated by N.

Two types of electrodes are used: surface and pasted. The surface electrode consists of a lead plate, on the surface of which a layer of active mass is formed by an electrochemical method.

Pasted electrodes are subdivided into lattice (spread), box-shaped and shell-shaped. In lattice (spread) electrodes, the active mass is held in a lattice of lead-antimony alloy 1 ... 4 mm thick. In box-shaped plates, gratings with active mass are closed on both sides with perforated lead sheets. The armored plates consist of lead-antimony pins that are placed inside perforated plastic tubes filled with an activated mass.

For negative electrodes, smeared and box-shaped plates are used, for positive ones - surface, smeared and armored ones. As separators, microporous plates made of vulcanized rubber (mipor), polyvinyl chloride (miplast) and fiberglass are used.

Lead batteries are usually combined into a battery, which is placed in a monoblock made of ebonite, thermoplastic, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyethylene, asphalt composition, ceramic or glass.

One of the most important characteristics of the battery is the service life or resource-time (number of cycles). The deterioration of battery parameters and failure are primarily due to corrosion of the grid and sliding of the active mass of the positive electrode. Battery life is determined primarily by the type of positive plates and operating conditions.

Accumulators and batteries have a conventional alphanumeric designation. The first digit (for domestic batteries) indicates the number of batteries connected in series. Since the nominal voltage of a lead battery is two volts, the nominal voltage of a battery is two times the number of cells connected in series. For some batteries, the climatic version and location are indicated. For example, a starter battery of six batteries with a capacity of 55 Ah in a monoblock made of ebonite and with a fiberglass separator has a symbol: battery 6ST-55ES, GOST 959.0-79.

Lead batteries have high discharge voltage and power density (up to 100...150 W/kg) and are relatively inexpensive. Their main disadvantages include low specific energy and relatively small resource.

The letter after the first digit indicates the type or purpose of the battery or battery:

A - aviation;
B - wagon;
C - stationary;
ST - starter.

The improvement of lead-acid batteries goes along the path of finding new alloys for gratings (for example, lead-calcium), lightweight and durable housing materials (for example, based on a copolymer of propylene and ethylene), and improving the quality of separators.

Below are sealed lead batteries that do not require topping up of water during operation, do not have gas emission and acid fog. In recent years, new applications for batteries have emerged. We are talking about backup power supplies for computers and systems that store energy for possible peak loads.

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