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Chapter 2 Batteries

Batteries and accumulators

Batteries are reusable chemical sources of electrical energy. They consist of two electrodes (positive and negative), an electrolyte and a housing.

The accumulation of energy in the battery occurs during the course of a chemical oxidation-reduction reaction of the electrodes. When the battery is discharged, the reverse processes occur. The battery voltage is the potential difference between the poles of the battery at a fixed load.

To obtain sufficiently large values of voltage or charge, individual batteries are connected to each other in series or in parallel into batteries.

There are a number of generally accepted voltages for batteries: 2; 4; 6; 12; 24 V. The number of batteries required to complete the battery in series connection is determined by the formula: N = Up / Ua, where N is the number of batteries, Up is the consumer supply voltage, Ua is the voltage of one fully charged battery. The output capacity should be understood as the maximum amount of electricity in coulombs (ampere hours) (1 Ah = 3600 C), which the battery gives off when discharged to the selected final voltage.

The nominal capacity is given in the type designation of the battery, i.e. capacitance under normal discharge conditions (when discharged at rated current and typically at 20°C). Batteries should be selected according to the following parameters: the return coefficient is the ratio of the amount of electricity in coulombs (Ah) * [3], given by the battery when fully discharged, to the amount of electricity received when charging; battery efficiency is the ratio of the amount of electricity, C (Ah) *, which it gives to the consumer, being discharged to the established limit to continue the normal operation of the latter, to the amount received by him when charging, C (Ah) *.

The value of the efficiency factor is always less than the value of the return factor. When batteries are connected in parallel, i.e. when connecting the positive and negative poles of all elements, respectively, it is possible to make a high-capacity battery with a voltage equal to the nominal voltage of one battery and a capacity equal to the sum of the capacities of its constituent batteries.

To facilitate the selection of the appropriate battery for the consumer, let's compare some characteristics. The weight specific energy of fin-zinc batteries is much more dependent on temperature. The volumetric specific energy of batteries depends on the temperature in approximately the same way.

A very important characteristic of batteries is the approximate relative cost of 1 Wh of energy obtained from different types of batteries of the same capacity. The most expensive energy is obtained from silver-zinc and cadmium batteries, and cheaper from lead-acid, taken in this case as a unit.

When choosing a battery, it is necessary to predict the operating mode, the nature of the load change, the range of current and voltage changes, the ambient temperature, etc.

We restrict ourselves to the following batteries: acid batteries made according to traditional technology; stationary lead and drive (automobile and tractor); sealed maintenance-free batteries, sealed nickel-cadmium and acid "dryfit" A400 and A500 (jelly electrolyte). They meet all battery capacity requirements from 0,3 Ah to 200 Ah.

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