What is surge flood? Detailed answer

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What is surge flood? Detailed answer

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What is surge flood?

When a strong and prolonged western wind raises the water level in the narrow Gulf of Finland, the Neva turns back and floods St. Petersburg, located on a low coast. This is an example of a surge flood. The two biggest ones happened exactly 100 years apart: in 1824 (remember A. S. Pushkin's poem "The Bronze Horseman") and in 1924. The dam built in the bay saved the city of Petra forever from this disaster.

Author: Mendeleev V.A.

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What is plankton?

The word "plankton" comes from the Greek word, which means "wandering", "going with the flow". Plankton is a floating living mass made up of billions of tiny living organisms. Some of these organisms, such as tiny green plants, always remain plankton. Others, such as fish, lobsters, make up the plankton while they are in the embryonic stage. Sometimes in the composition of plankton there are large jellyfish or such small creatures that cannot even be seen through a conventional microscope. But all the plankton can stay afloat and live together, drifting with the flow.

The smallest plankton organisms are single-celled plants, microscopic algae. One of the most numerous varieties of such algae is called diatoms, or flint. In two liters of water there can be up to a million of them. The animal life of plankton is quite interesting. One of its species is the pear-shaped copepod (copepod means "copepod"). The copepod swims very fast, making sharp, jerky movements with its tiny paws, as if rowing on oars. The largest copepod is less than 13 mm long.

Young molluscs of various species also make up the plankton. Among them are shrimp, crabs, lobsters and sea ducks (a type of crustacean) living in salt water, as well as lobsters and water fleas - inhabitants of fresh water. The larvae, or developing juveniles, of these mollusks are tiny, microscopic, and at this stage of development cannot move independently, and therefore drift along with other plankton.

Other mollusks, such as snails, mussels, behave in the same way. They are part of the plankton at the first stage of their development. Plankton may include insect eggs and the larvae of many fish. In fresh water, plankton often includes developing insects.

Flying flies, dragonflies, water beetles and many other insects lay their eggs in the water. When the larvae hatch from the nest, they live and feed on plankton plants. This is only part of what makes up plankton. You see how many animals and plants are included in it and how interesting it is to study them.

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Microhybrid boom expected by 2017 16.02.2012

New technology company Lux has published a report that miniature hybrid cars will flood the global automotive market in the coming years. The company's specialists are confident that by 2017 these vehicles will account for about 47% of the global passenger car market. At the same time, the share of medium hybrids will be only 1,6%.

In this situation, it is quite reasonable to be interested in what the representatives of the company meant by microhybrids and medium hybrids. Lux gives a rather lengthy definition, but the bottom line is that these are the most simply arranged hybrid cars. These vehicles often use various fuel-saving systems such as the Start-Stop system, as well as regenerative brakes. In general, these cars are the most budgetary among hybrids.

Medium hybrids are somewhat more efficient than micro hybrids, they have regenerative brakes, are able to send some power from the battery to the wheels, but do not have the ability to move purely on electric propulsion.

Lux specialists expect an explosive growth in demand for such cars in the coming years. According to their forecasts, by 2017 sales of hybrid cars in Europe will more than triple and reach 12,6 million units per year. The Chinese market will also be occupied by similar cars. Growth will be about 81% per year, and annual sales will reach 8,6 million units. A similar situation is expected in the US, where hybrids currently occupy only a small part of the market.

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