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Breadfruit (artocarpus, eve). Legends, myths, symbolism, description, cultivation, methods of application

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Content

1. Photos, basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism
2. Genus, family, origin, range, chemical composition, economic importance
3. Botanical description, reference data, useful information, illustrations
4. Recipes for use in traditional medicine and cosmetology
5. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing

Breadfruit (artocarpus, eve), Artocarpus. Photos of the plant, basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism

Basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism

Sort by: Breadfruit (Artocarpus)

Family: Carrots (Moraceae)

Origin: Breadfruit originates from the Southeast Asia and Pacific Islands region where it is grown and used by many indigenous peoples as a food and crop plant.

Area: Breadfruit is cultivated in various parts of the world, including Southeast Asia, Africa, South America, and the Pacific Islands.

Chemical composition: Breadfruit contains many nutrients, including carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. In addition, it contains alkaloids that have antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties.

Economic value: Breadfruit is used to make bread, porridge, soups, desserts and other dishes. Its wood is used as a building material and for the production of furniture. Breadfruit also has cultural significance and is used in traditional ceremonies and events in some cultures.

Legends and myths: In some religions, the breadfruit plays an important role in mythology. For example, Hindu mythology says that Brahma, the god of creation, incarnated in a breadfruit tree. In other religions, the breadfruit is associated with the goddess of motherhood and fertility. In the mythology of the Polynesian peoples, the breadfruit, known as brodio, was associated with the god of fertility and was a symbol of abundance.

Breadfruit (artocarpus, eve), Artocarpus. Description, illustrations of the plant

Breadfruit (artocarpus, eve), Artocarpus. Methods of application, origin of the plant, range, botanical description, cultivation

1. Bradfruit; 2. Jackfruit

Breadfruit belongs to the genus Artocarpus JR (ex. G. Forst) of the Mulberry family (Mogaseae). In the Indo-Malay region and Oceania, 40 species of the genus have been identified. The most widespread species are bredfruit, jackfruit and chempedak.

Breadfruit as a species is a relic. Its domestication probably dates back to ancient times. The available historical data point to the origin of jackfruit from the islands of Oceania - the Marquesas, Samoa and Hawaii, and to its distribution to other islands long before our era. However, it is possible that chempedac was introduced in Indonesia, and jackfruit was independently domesticated in Oceania, and moreover at an earlier period.

Sonnerat was the first to transport several young breadfruit trees from the Philippines to one of the islands in the Indian Ocean. Then, in 1777, Thunberg sent several young specimens of breadfruit from Fr. Java to Amsterdam. In 1792, during an expedition in search of a navigator, La Perouse loaded several young breadfruit trees on the Tonga Islands for a garden of plants in Paris. In 1792 the breadfruit was transported to Jamaica.

Breadfruit - Artocarpus atilis Fosb. (Artocarpus communis)

Bradfruit (in the figure - above, 1) was introduced into cultivation in Polynesia, cultivated in the tropical regions of Southeast Asia, Oceania and the Caribbean. The trees reach a height of 30 m.

Female flowers are formed on overgrown branches.

Mature fruits are spherical, round or oval, their diameter or length is 15-30 cm, weight is up to 3 kg or more. Most varieties are seedless. Fresh fruits are not consumed, they are boiled, fried and prepared a large number of various dishes, they taste like potatoes.

The fruit pulp contains (in%) water - 79,5, ash - 0,9, proteins - 1,5, fats - 0,2, carbohydrates - 17,9, vitamins - C, group B and carotene; calorie content - 79 kcal 100 g.

Bradfruit is adapted to the moderately humid maritime climate of the tropical zone, although it can withstand prolonged droughts. In tropical areas, it grows well at altitudes up to 600 m, where the temperature can drop below 5 ° C.

The root system is placed in the soil shallowly; it is undemanding to the soil, but well-drained loams are considered the best.

Bradfruit forms have not been studied enough, several dozen varieties are known. Propagated mainly by root offspring, as well as root and stem cuttings, air layering, budding.

The planting of the garden is carried out in the rainy season, the distance between the trees is from 10 to 15 m. The trees bear fruit early, the yield is up to 600 fruits per tree per year. Remontant flowering - all year round or several times a year. The main harvest in a number of countries is obtained from May to August.

Jackfruit, or jack (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.)

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.), Mulberry family (in the figure - below, 2) is a cultivated plant, the wild form is unknown. Cultivated in the Malaysian floristic region, on the islands of Oceania and in the tropical regions of America and Africa.

Trees reach a height of 25-35 m and are durable.

Even in the pre-Linneev period, the botanist Rumphius was the first to describe 2 races of the breadfruit tree Succus lanosus (seedless, partheno-carpic) and Succus granosus (seed-bearing fruit). Female inflorescences at the jack are formed on the trunk (sometimes at the very surface of the soil or even under its surface) and skeletal branches. This phenomenon is called caulifloria and is observed in a number of tropical and subtropical plants (for example, in cocoa, figs, etc.). Therefore, the fruits are formed on the skeletal parts of the tree and sometimes appear from the ground. Inflorescences with male flowers do not bear fruit. Male and female flowers are placed on different inflorescences, but on the same tree (plants are monoecious).

The fruits are unusually large, weighing up to 50 kg or more. They are used fresh and for preparing various dishes with rice, sugar, coconut milk, etc. Unripe fruits are used as vegetables. Ripe fruits contain a small amount of latex. Therefore, in order to prevent them from sticking to the hands during processing, hands are smeared with sesame or other vegetable oil (latex is soluble in fats).

In India, jackfruit is considered a low quality fruit, it is used everywhere as a food for the low-income population, despite its quite acceptable taste and aroma. It is believed that excessive consumption of jackfruit can lead to digestive disorders. There are two groups of varieties - with dense and tender pulp. Among the Indian varieties, Kathal and Radrakshi are the most famous. Their fruits are relatively small, with a smoother skin than other varieties. Ceylon and Singapore varieties are also popular.

The pulp is usually translucent, juicy, sweet and hard (sometimes soft and more acidic), contains (in%) water - 72, proteins - 1,3, fats - 0,3, carbohydrates - 25,4, ash - 0,3, crude fiber - 1,0; vitamins (in mg100 g) C - 10, carotene - 0,3, thiamine - 0,3, nicotinic acid - 0,4; calorie content - 110 kcal 100 g.

Jackfruit is classified as a promising fruit due to its wide application in processing, in the production of canned food such as compotes, squash (juices with pulp), syrups, jams, jellies, candied and glazed fruits, sweets, sweet and sour marinades, dried products, dry product such as potato chips, as well as Indian national hot spices - chutney. The peel remaining after peeling the fruit is used for livestock feed. Seeds are eaten after boiling, roasting and aging in sugar syrup. Tree bark latex is used to repair pottery.

Fresh fruits are stored for up to 1,5 months at a temperature of 11-13 ° C and a relative humidity of 85-90%.

Jackfruit is much more cold-resistant than bredfruit, and grows in some subtropical regions, for example, in the USA (Florida), in North India (at the foot of the Himalayas), in South India (in the mountains up to a height of 2400 m). The main plantings in the tropical zone are in the state of Assam (over 8 thousand ha), in the state of Bihar (over 4 thousand ha), in South India (over 1,2 thousand ha). In the mountains there are thickets of wild plants.

Trees are often used as shade trees in coffee plantations and other crops. In South India and other tropical areas, jack produces more fruit per unit area than other fruit crops. An adult tree forms up to 100 fruits per year.

The fruits ripen on the tree sequentially from bottom to top from November to April-August. But in a number of tropical regions, for example, in Assam (India), in South India, Bangladesh, and others, the flowering and fruiting of trees continues almost all year round.

The season for harvesting ripened fruits in the conditions of the countries of Southeast Asia, West Africa is from March to November, some varieties give a second harvest in September.

During the harvest, pits are dug with a volume of 1,5 x 1,5 x 1,0 m, their walls are lined with stones and banana leaves. The removed fruits are pierced with the end of a sharp stick, during the night they begin to ferment. In the morning, the peel is removed from the sour fruits, placed in a hole, tamped, covered with leaves and stones on top. When the leaven takes effect, they take a portion from the pit, put it in a wooden trough, add water and begin to knead the dough. Coconut milk is added to the dough and kneaded with your fingers. The finished dough is wrapped in leaves and placed in the oven.

The resulting product tastes close to the crumb of baked bread mixed with potatoes. The beneficial effect of this product on the human body has been noticed due to the high content of B and E vitamins in it.

The invention of bread from fermenting dough obviously belongs to the inhabitants of Oceania. The diaries of ancient sailors describe the nutritional and antiscorbutic properties of breadfruit. In addition, it is known that the inhabitants of Oceania used the bast part of the trunks of three-year-old trees, rich in sclerenchyma, to make fabrics; the axis of the male inflorescence was used as a tinder or wick; glue was obtained by boiling milky juice mixed with coconut oil; breadfruit wood was used for construction purposes.

There are no root hairs on the roots, so the roots are very sensitive to waterlogging and poor drainage, although trees need a lot of moisture.

Seed propagation of jack leads to a significant number of low-value forms. Before sowing, for better germination, the seeds are soaked for 24 hours. Of the vegetative propagation methods, Fockert budding is most successfully used (especially in the tropical zone). Root shoots of Artocarpus chempedek Spr. species are used as rootstocks. (chempedak) and Artocarpus rigida, as well as seedlings of local varieties of jack and other breadfruit species.

Reproduction by air layering is especially successfully used in the subtropical zone. Moreover, for their better rooting, after removing the strip of bark, the layers are immersed for some time in solutions of growth regulators that promote root formation. In addition, cuttings and grafting by proximity are used.

Trees are planted at a distance of 10-15 m. Trees begin to bear fruit in the 3rd-5th year.

Chempedak - Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merill.

Chempedak (Mulberry family) - a long-term evergreen tree with a dense crown, yellow wood, white milky juice, plentiful, sticky. Leaves pubescent, 4-25 cm wide. Caulifloral inflorescences, monoecious flowers; infructescence is elongated-cylindrical, up to 35 cm long and up to 15 cm wide, with an unpleasant odor. The pulp of the fruit resembles the placenta of a pumpkin, opaque, bright yellow, crispy, sweet, tastes like durio or mango. Cultural species, cultivated in Malaysia and Oceania.

Wild chempedak - Artocarpus integer. (Thunb.) Merill var. silvestris Corner.

Wild Chempedak (Mulberry family) is a wild forest tree. The fruit is elliptical, sometimes elongated, odorless, the pulp is sweet and sour. It grows on the Malay Peninsula and the Moluccas.

Breadfruit does not have any problematic pests or diseases. However, in tropical humid climates, trees are damaged by various sawfly species. One of them, Margaronia caesalis, damages the trunk of a tree. In the fight against it, various insecticides are used. The brown beetle eats the buds and fruits. Preventive control measures - collection and destruction of fallen fruits and buds. In humid tropical areas, fruits can be affected on the tree by the fungus Rhyzopus artocarp, which leads to softening of the pulp. To combat it, trees are sprayed with a Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes during the fruiting period.

Authors: Baranov V.D., Ustimenko G.V.

Breadfruit (artocarpus, eve), Artocarpus. Recipes for use in traditional medicine and cosmetology

Ethnoscience:

• Headache treatment: chopped breadfruit root (about 30 g) pour water (1 l) and boil over low heat for 30 minutes. Then strain and drink throughout the day as needed.
• Treatment of skin diseases: crushed breadfruit leaves (about 50 g) mix with jojoba oil (about 100 ml) and heat in a water bath for 30 minutes. Then strain and apply to the affected areas of the skin.
• Treatment of indigestion: crushed breadfruit root (about 50 g) pour water (1 l) and boil over low heat for 30 minutes. Then strain and drink throughout the day as needed.
• Treatment of colds: crushed breadfruit leaves (about 50 g) pour boiling water (1 l) and insist for 30 minutes. Then strain and drink throughout the day as needed.

Cosmetology:

• Breadfruit puree face mask: to do this, you need to knead the pulp of the breadfruit and apply on the face. Leave on for 10-15 minutes, then rinse with water. This mask nourishes and moisturizes the skin, making it soft and radiant.
• Hand cream based on breadfruit oil: Mix breadfruit oil with coconut oil and jojoba oil in equal proportions. This cream nourishes and moisturizes the skin of the hands, softens them and protects them from environmental influences.
• Shampoo based on breadfruit extract: add breadfruit extract to your regular shampoo. This will help strengthen the hair, protect it from damage and moisturize the scalp.
• Body cream based on breadfruit oil: mix breadfruit oil with shea butter and cocoa butter in equal proportions. This cream nourishes and moisturizes the skin, making it softer and more elastic.
• Breadfruit hair mask: mix breadfruit oil with honey and egg. Apply to hair and leave for 30 minutes, then rinse with water. This mask strengthens the hair, making it smoother and shinier.

Attention! Before use, consult with a specialist!

Breadfruit (artocarpus, eve), Artocarpus. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing

Breadfruit, Artocarpus, is a tree in the carrot family that is native to tropical and subtropical regions. It is known for its edible fruits and is valued in cooking and medicine.

Tips for growing, harvesting and storing breadfruit:

Cultivation:

• Breadfruit needs a warm and humid climate, so it is best grown in tropical and subtropical regions.
• It can be grown from seeds, which should be planted at a depth of about 5 cm and at a distance of 2-3 meters from each other.
• Breadfruit can grow up to 20 meters tall, so make sure the location you choose to grow the plant is spacious enough.
• Breadfruit prefers moist, well-drained soil and a sunny location.
• The plant needs moderate watering and regular fertilization.

Workpiece:

• Breadfruit has a skin that must be peeled off to get to the pulp.
• The pulp of the fruit can be eaten fresh or used in cooking to prepare various dishes.
• You can also dry the pulp of the fruit and use it to make flour or add it to baked goods.

Storage:

• Fresh breadfruit can be stored at room temperature for several days.
• Dried fruit pulp should be stored in sealed containers in a cool and dry place for up to several months.

Breadfruit contains many nutrients, including proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals.

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