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CULTURAL AND WILD PLANTS
Apple tree home. Legends, myths, symbolism, description, cultivation, methods of application
Directory / Cultivated and wild plants Content
Domestic apple tree, Malus domestica. Photos of the plant, basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism
Basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism Sort by: Apple tree (Malus) Family: Pink (Rosaceae) Origin: The domestic apple tree comes from Central Asia. Area: The domestic apple tree is distributed all over the world due to its high popularity and wide use in agriculture. Chemical composition: Apple apples contain numerous vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, pectin and other biologically active compounds such as quercetin and catechins. Economic value: The house apple tree is one of the most popular fruit trees and is used to produce apples that are used in cooking to make desserts, drinks, jams and other foods. Apples are also used to make cider, apple cider vinegar, apple juice, and other beverages. In addition, the home apple tree is popular in landscape design and as an ornamental plant. Apple trees can also be used to protect the soil and increase the yield of other crops due to their ability to fix nitrogen. Legends, myths, symbolism: In the Christian tradition, the apple tree may be associated with the concept of "knowledge of good and evil", since the forbidden fruit, which was eaten by the first people in Paradise, is often associated with an apple. In Christian symbolism, an apple tree can symbolize life and resurrection. In some cultures, apples that grow on an apple tree can be used as a symbol of health and nutrition. Also, an apple tree can be associated with fertility, prosperity and abundance. In Celtic mythology, the apple tree is a symbol of life, wisdom and eternal youth. She is associated with the goddess Branwen, who had the power to heal any disease with her apple. In modern culture, the apple tree can be used as a symbol of home, family, and comfort. Apples that grow on an apple tree can be used as a symbol of love, respect and care.
Domestic apple tree, Malus domestica. Description, illustrations of the plant Apple. Myths, traditions, symbolism
In botanical terms, not always a clearly defined stone fruit with a versatile symbolic meaning. Wild apples have been collected for a long time, and large-fruited cultivated varieties were known in Central Europe as early as the Neolithic era. In ancient myths, the intoxicated god Dionysus created an apple, which he presented to the goddess of love, Aphrodite. In this regard, the apple has a somewhat ambiguous symbolic meaning. The goddess Eris, with a golden apple (popularly known as the "apple of discord"), which she threw into the assembly of the gods, determined the choice of Prince Paris and contributed to the abduction of Helen and the start of the Trojan War. With great danger, Hercules had to get and bring the apples of the Hesperides from the far West. On the other hand, the earth goddess Gaia gave Hera an apple as a symbol of fertility on the occasion of her marriage to Zeus. In Athens, newlyweds shared and ate an apple as they entered the bridal chamber. Passing or throwing apples was considered a sign of love. The Norse goddess Idunn guarded apples, the use of which gave eternal youth. In the Celtic religions, the apple was a symbol of the transfer of knowledge. Chinese symbolism focuses on the consonance of the words meaning "apple" and "peace", but since the word is consonant with the word "disease", it is not customary to give apples to the sick in China. But the flowers of the apple tree symbolize female beauty. In Europe, the apple of paradise, i.e. from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, is a symbol of temptation and sin. In the pictures about the fall of the progenitors (Adam and Eve), the snake holds a seductive apple in its mouth, although the text refers simply to “fruits”, “fruits”: our apple was unknown in the East. Depending on the traditions, instead of an apple, there are figs, quince or pomegranates. Pictures of the birth of Christ show the baby Jesus taking an apple; symbolically, he thus takes upon himself the sins of the world, so the apples on the Christmas tree can be interpreted as an opportunity to return to paradise due to the birth of Christ. But at first, the tempting sweetness of an apple was associated with the temptation of sin and because of the similarity of the Latin word (malus - apple tree) with the word malum - bad, evil, sinful. Therefore, in the works of art of the Baroque era, death in the form of a skeleton often holds an apple in its hands: the price of the first sin is death. In ordinary life, an apple, due to its almost perfectly round shape, is perceived as a cosmic symbol, therefore kings and kings, along with a scepter, hold in their hands a sovereign apple representing the whole world "(power). In the ancient world, three circles were depicted on coins, denoting parts of the earth known to Emperor Augustus - Asia, Africa, Europe, and the "sovereign apple" was crowned with the figure of the goddess of victory (Nike, lat. Victoria). In the Christian era, Nike took the place of the cross, so even the astronomical symbol of the Earth is a circle with a cross erected on it.
In the legends of the Celtic islanders, Avalon, the country of apples, is a symbol of unearthly joys. Mythologist R. von Ranks-Graves interprets the apple as a widespread symbol of love and spring: "It is a pass to the Champs Elysees, apple orchards, the entrance to which is reserved only for the souls of heroes... The apple is a gift of the three Gospsrids to Hercules, and also to Eve, the "mother of all living", to Adam. Finally, Nemsis, goddess of the sacred oaks, who in later myths became the symbol of divine masses and proud kings, carries a branch with apples: her gift to heroes. All the heavenly places of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age were islands with orchards ... "It is noteworthy that even the unattractive wild apple tree found its use in heraldry. "The forest apple, tough and sour, is especially good for preserving wine so that it does not sour. Thus, evil is punished with harshness, while virtue is preserved" (Beckler, 1688). Author: Biedermann G. Apple tree. Legends and tales
Unlike the gods, humans are mortal. It always upset them, of course. After all, I want to live forever! In the human imagination, images of wonderful gardens and groves appeared, in which fruits ripen, giving eternal youth, health and beauty. In the legends of different peoples, the plants that bestow immortality were different. In China, for example, peach was revered as such. The ancient Greeks had an apple. And also. Remember the numerous Russian fairy tales about rejuvenating apples - you must have read them. Or a fairy tale about how golden magic apples ripen in the royal garden, and the firebird kidnaps them. And the ancient Scandinavians considered apples the fruits of immortality. Here's what the legend says about it. The modest and quiet goddess Idunn has a wonderful casket. It contains magic apples. As soon as the gods begin to age, Idunn gives them these apples. Meanwhile, the casket does not empty: in place of each eaten apple, a new one immediately appears. Idunn is called the Keeper of the Apples. The legend says that the Ases would have had a bad time if they had remained without a magic casket. And one day it almost happened. The aces themselves were to blame for the loss, or rather one of them, Loki, who was called the Instigator of Strife and the Sower of Lies due to the fact that, having a wayward and absurd character, he often put the gods in a dangerous position. Loki once went on a journey. He walked through mountains and deserts, and it so happened that one unfortunate day he could not get food for himself - he did not come across any game. Finally, Loki killed a wild bull and was just about to kindle a fire and cook food, when out of nowhere a huge eagle appeared and, sitting on a bull carcass, began to feast on Loki's prey. - Get out! - shouted the ace, but the eagle did not even start up. Loki grabbed a large stick and hit the bird with it. The eagle broke away from someone else's prey and took off. But the stick with one end firmly rooted to the back of the eagle, and the other - to the hands of Loki. After all, the eagle was not simple - it was the evil giant Thiazzi who turned into a huge bird. The eagle flew low, Loki's feet brushing over boulders and trees. His hands seemed to be about to come off. - Let me go! Loki screamed. “Very well,” said Thiazzi the Eagle, “but take an oath to bring Idunn with her casket from Asgard to me. I also want to be forever young. - I swear! Loki replied. What else was left for him? And the eagle released the prisoner. Loki really did not want to deprive all the aces and himself of magic apples, but an oath is an oath, it cannot be broken. Returning to Asgard, Loki said to Idunn: - During my travels, I came across a tree with exactly the same apples as yours. Take the casket, let's go and compare your fruits with those. After all, the more apples that give eternal youth, the better! Meek Idunn agreed, although she was a little surprised by Loki's proposal: after all, the apples in the casket never ran out, and he knew it very well! So they came to the appointed place. Then Thiazzi flew in disguised as an eagle, seized Idunn and fled with her to the Land of the Giants to his dwelling. And Loki is back. The aces had a bad time without magic apples, they quickly turned gray and grew old. The gods gathered council at the foot of the ash tree Yggdrasil and began to remember the last time they saw Idunn. And they saw her for the last time leaving Asgard, accompanied by Loki. - Know, Sower of Lies, - exclaimed the aces, - that until you return the Keeper of Apples to us, you will not know forgiveness! Loki was afraid of this terrible threat. I realized that I needed to fix what I had done. And he was not only capricious, but also smart, like all aces. Loki attached falcon wings to his back and flew to Etunheim, the Land of the Giants, to the dwelling of Thiazzi. There he found Idunn alone: the owner of the house at that time had sailed on a boat to the sea. Loki the Falcon turned the Keeper of Apples into a nut and, squeezing it tightly with his claws, flew to Asgard. And Thiazzi, returning home, immediately noticed the disappearance of Idunn, again turned into an eagle and rushed in pursuit, only the wind whistled in his wings. Seeing a falcon hurrying with a nut in its claws and an eagle chasing it, the gods left the walls of Asgard and piled a huge pile of brushwood in front of the gate. The falcon flew over the wall, sank to the ground and turned back into Loki, and the nut into Idunn, holding an unharmed magic box. In the meantime, the aesir kindled a fire, and Thiazzi the eagle, flying over it, flared up like a torch, and fell lifeless. Loki was forgiven - after all, having done a bad thing, he himself corrected the consequences of his act. And the Ases, having tasted the wonderful apples of Idunn, became young and strong again. Humans, unlike gods, are mortal. And in this, as another legend, no less ancient, tells, this wonderful legendary plant - the apple tree is to blame. “And out of the earth God made to grow every tree that is pleasant to the sight and good for food, and the tree of life in the midst of paradise, and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil,” says the Bible, one of the oldest books of mankind. God allowed the first people, Adam and Eve, who lived in paradise and did not know disease and death, to tear and eat fruits from all trees, but from the tree of life, the tree of knowledge, he forbade. So he said: "And from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil - do not eat from it!". People were obedient to this command for quite a long time, but one day Satan began to tempt them. He called Eve to the forbidden tree and began to persuade her to eat the fruit. Eve did not immediately agree, but the more she looked at the branches, the more beautiful, tastier and more desirable the beautiful fruits seemed to her. She couldn't resist eating one and giving Adam a taste. God, of course, saw it - he sees everything. He became very angry and expelled Adam and Eve from paradise to earth. And he said at the same time: “Because you have eaten from the tree, about which I commanded you, saying:“ Do not eat from it ”, in the sweat of your face you will eat bread until you return to the ground; for you are dust, and in the dust shall return." Since then, people, the descendants of Adam and Eve, have been working in the sweat of their brow. And having finished the earthly journey, they "return to the earth" - that is, they die. And all because they ate an apple.
However, nowhere in the Bible does it say that the tree of the knowledge of good and evil was an apple tree. However, since time immemorial it has been believed that this is the case. After all, the apple tree has always been one of the most common fruit plants in Asia and Europe. Mankind has been growing apple trees for over four thousand years. Therefore, it is not surprising that people called the fruit of the tree of paradise an apple. True, some scholars believe that the Bible is talking about a pomegranate tree and a pomegranate fruit. But let this not become a bone of contention for us. By the way, the expression "apple of discord" also came from a legend - from an ancient Greek myth. He tells how, at a feast, the goddess of discord, Eris, threw a golden apple into the midst of the assembled guests with the inscription: "The one that is more beautiful than all." And the guests gathered were not simple: among them were the beautiful Hera, the queen of heaven, the patroness of marriages and faithful wives, the beautiful warrior goddess Athena, the beautiful goddess of love and beauty Aphrodite. Of course, each of the goddesses began to assert that the apple was intended for her and only her. This dispute ended in a long war... For us, the disagreement of scientists on the question of the breed of the tree of paradise will not become a bone of contention. After all, people still call apples a variety of fruits. We have already spoken on these pages about "apples of love" - tomatoes and about "earth apples" - potatoes. The ancient Greeks called the lemons brought to them from Media (now part of Iran) "Medes apples". In ancient Rome, the pomegranates already mentioned, which came to the Romans from the city of Carthage, located on the northern coast of Africa, were called the "Carthaginian apple." Apricots were called "Armenian apple". In Europe in the XNUMXth century, "mad apples" were called eggplants brought here from Persia and at first considered very harmful and even causing bouts of insanity. And it turns out that we still call oranges apples: in Dutch, “orange” is a Chinese apple: appel (“appel”) - apple + sien (sien) - Chinese. But the indigenous people of the southeastern island of Ceylon, having learned from Europeans several centuries ago the biblical legend about the tree of the knowledge of good and evil in its traditional interpretation, decided that the plant of paradise is a more familiar banana, and began to call it "Adam's apple". And some scientists believe that the apple of Eris is also not an apple, but a pomegranate. And yet, let this pomegranate not become a bone of contention for us. Author: Gol N.
Apple tree, Malus domestica var. Malus Mill. Botanical description, history of origin, nutritional value, cultivation, use in cooking, medicine, industry
Tree up to 10 m high, with a spreading or spherical crown. The leaves are large, petiolate, ovate, with a pointed apex. The flowers are white or pink, collected in an umbrella-shaped brush. The fruit is five-celled, with two seeds in each nest, juicy, rounded. Blooms in April-May. The Caucasus and Central Asia are considered the homeland of the apple tree, but, apparently, there were other local centers of cultivation of the plant. The first mention of the apple tree dates back to the middle of the 3rd millennium BC. Wherever this culture appeared, it immediately won the sympathy of the people. This was facilitated by the beauty of a flowering tree, perfect shape, high taste, dietary and healing properties of the fruit. Today, 10 thousand varieties of plants are combined under the name of domestic apple. Most of them are interspecific and intraspecific hybrids with local wild varieties. Hundreds of summer, autumn, winter varieties are cultivated in the world, differing in yield, size, taste and nutritional properties, keeping quality, etc. In the middle latitudes, various varieties can be grown on a personal plot - from the earliest to the latest. It is important that they do not repeat each other in terms of ripening, but ripen evenly throughout the season. The apple tree is less demanding on growing conditions than other fruit trees, and is capable of abundant fruiting. She prefers forest, chernozem, granular, non-saline soils. The apple tree is propagated by grafting. Wild apple and pear are used as rootstocks. Seedlings are usually planted in the spring, preventing the roots from drying out, at a distance of 3-4 m from each other; watered after planting. Pruning and crown formation is carried out in the first year of planting. Branches up to 40 cm long are not shortened; horizontally growing branches are not cut off, since they are the ones that begin to bear fruit in the first place. The apple tree begins to bear fruit from the age of five; bears fruit up to thirty years. The fruits are harvested from July to October as they ripen. Store at 2 °C in dry, ventilated areas. The pulp of apples contains a lot of sugars (fructose predominates), organic acids (malic, citric), tannins; there are vitamins C, B1, B2, P, PP. The aroma of the fruit is given by the essential oil. Although the calorie content of apples is low and there are few vitamins in them, they are very useful for the body, since they contain, in addition to the listed substances, fiber, pectin, phytoncides, iron, manganese, potassium, sodium, calcium, etc. Many of these components are stored in soaked and dried apples , as well as in processed products. Apple leaves contain polyphenolic compounds, vitamin C. The people of fresh apples and juice have long been considered a cure for many diseases. They were used for sclerosis, rheumatism, nephrolithiasis, anemia, beriberi, migraine, as an antitussive and diuretic; with their help, burns, frostbite, non-healing ulcers were treated. Baked apples were used for constipation. In the old days they said that if you eat an apple a day, you won't need to call a doctor. Many recommendations of old medicine are now confirmed by scientists. Apples have no contraindications, they are used for almost any disease. A large amount of fiber contained in fruits helps to increase intestinal motility. Therefore, with chronic constipation, you should eat raw or baked fruits on an empty stomach. Apples have phytoncidal properties, as a result of which they have a detrimental effect on pathogens of intestinal infections. For gastritis with high acidity, peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum, sweet varieties of apples are recommended, and for gastritis with low acidity, spastic colitis, sour ones. Apples are an excellent dietary aid in the treatment of atherosclerosis, and their low calorie content allows them to be included in the diet of overweight people. From sour varieties of apples, iron malic acid extract is produced, which is prescribed for anemia. Due to the high content of tannins in apples, apple peel masks have a good effect on skin inflammation. Apple peel is especially useful. It contains vitamins, coloring and tannins, essential oils. A decoction of the peel helps with severe kidney stones. In addition, it softens a cold cough. Baked apples have the same effect. Apples are eaten fresh, processed into compote, jam, jelly, juice, wine, cider, kvass. For long-term storage, the fruits are dried, frozen, pickled, wetted. Due to the high content of pectin, apples are an excellent raw material for the production of marmalade, puree, jelly, marshmallow and other confectionery. Apple tree wood is used for making crafts. The apple tree is a good honey plant. Authors: Kretsu L.G., Domashenko L.G., Sokolov M.D.
Domestic apple tree, Malus domestica. Botanical description of the plant, area, methods of application, cultivation
Deciduous tree of hybrid origin, sometimes large in size, with a spreading crown, protruding powerful branches and strong one-year-old shoots with abundant pubescence and without thorns. The presence of shortened shoots - fruitlets is characteristic. The kidneys are small. The leaves are round-ovate, 5-8 cm long. The apex is short-pointed, the edges are serrate-toothed, sometimes with small notches or doubly serrated, at first pubescent, later almost glabrous, dark green above, slightly shiny, pale green below, dull. Petioles 1-2 cm long. The flowers are white or pinkish, 2-5 cm in diameter, in few-flowered corymbs on short shoots. Sepals triangular, pointed, glabrous on the outside, felted on the inside. Flowering in May, lasts 8-12 days. Pollination is cross. With abundant flowering, about 30% of the ovaries are tied and develop to mature fruits, the rest crumble. Lack of moisture, mineral nutrition, spring frosts and other adverse factors increase the percentage of ovary shedding. The fruits are round, 3 to 15 cm in diameter, with a recess at the base and at the top, of various shapes, sizes and colors. Seeds oblong, brown when fresh. By ripening time, summer, autumn and winter varieties are distinguished, later varieties are distinguished by good keeping quality. The domestic apple tree is a long-lived plant, lives up to 100 years, wild-growing specimens - up to 300 years. Begins to bear fruit (depending on the variety and crop conditions) usually in the 4-12th year, the productive period is 40-50 years. The apple tree is winter-hardy and frost-resistant (withstands up to -42 ° C), grows on different soils. The homeland of the domestic apple tree is the territory of modern Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, where it naturally grows in the lower mountain belt, as part of broad-leaved forests. It is bred almost throughout the temperate and subtropical zones, often runs wild and can be found on the outskirts of settlements and even in forests, where its seeds are carried by birds. The fruits contain malic, tartaric, citric and other organic acids, sugars (glucose, sucrose and others), vitamins C, A, B1, carotene, tannins and pectin, trace elements (iron, potassium, calcium, magnesium and others), essential oil , and other substances. Dried apples are a good source of easily digestible sugars (from 8 to 15%), trace elements (up to 0,5% of various mineral salts), and the seeds of one medium-sized fruit contain about the daily requirement of iodine For example, apples of the Antonov variety in 100 grams with a calorie content of 48 kcal. contain: 0,3 gr. proteins, 11,5 gr. carbohydrates, 0,02 mg vitamin B1, 4,9 mg vitamin C, 16 mg calcium and 86 mg potassium. The fruits of the apple tree have been eaten for a long time. For example, in a number of domestic manuals of the XNUMXth century there are already descriptions of many ways of processing apples - drying, freezing, soaking, preparing marmalade, jam, dry kissel, jelly, marmalade, marshmallow, apple cider vinegar, syrup, jam, juice, alcoholic drink - cider. Fruits are consumed fresh and in the form of dried fruits; they are also suitable for various types of processing: obtaining juices, compotes, jelly and fruit wine, cider, making jam, and due to the content of pectin - jams, marmalade, jelly and mousse. Apples are baked with sugar in the dough, fillings are prepared for pies, cakes and pastries, apple pies are very popular. Garden apple tree - a well-known fruit tree, widely bred in gardens in many varieties, of which there are now more than 10000, often runs wild. Cultivars are often grafted on wild animals, from which frost resistance and drought resistance, immunity to certain diseases were “transferred” to the cultivated tree. In the past, gardeners were able to give the fruits of apple trees new flavors and colors in the following way: holes were drilled at the base of large branches and solutions of minium, ginger, nutmeg, and cinnamon were introduced into them. The wood of apple trees is very durable and was widely used for various domestic purposes, as a material for wooden mosaics and carvings, including gun stocks. Apple trees are excellent honey plants.
Apple tree home. Botanical description of the plant, areas of growth and ecology, economic importance, applications
A tree up to 10 m high of the pink family. The flowers are white-pink, the fruits are large, round on short legs of green, yellow, pink or red. Blossoms in May - early June, bears fruit in August - September. The apple tree ranks first among fruit trees in terms of the number of areas and fees (more than 70%). There are many apple orchards in the Caucasus and Ukraine. The fruits of a fresh apple contain 83% water, 13,8 - nitrogen-free extractives, 0,4 - protein, 1,3 - fiber, 0,2% fat. The leaves contain phenolic compounds: rutin, quercitrin, hyperin, phloridzin and its aglycone phloretin. Organic acids were found in apple fruits (up to 2,5% - malic, citric, tartaric), sugars (up to 16% - glucose, fructose, sucrose), vitamins A, B1 PP, P, carotene, tannins - gallic acid, toegallin , essential oil, pectin substances, as minerals that are very important for human nutrition (salts of calcium, potassium, iron, phosphorus), up to 28 trace elements (copper, zinc, nickel, molybdenum, manganese, cobalt, etc.); in seeds - up to 33% fatty oil and about 0,6% amygdalin; in the skin of the fruit - flavonoids. Southern varieties of apples are less rich in vitamin C than apples of middle and northern latitudes. A satisfactory source of vitamins is considered fruits, 250 g of which provides a quarter of the daily preventive need of a person with at least one vitamin. Based on this, apple varieties with 8-10 mg% of vitamin C and 40-50% of P-active compounds can be considered satisfactory, good and excellent - 25-30 and 75-100 mg%, respectively. Apples are a wonderful dietary and medicinal product. The fact that apples, eaten at night, provide a good and restful sleep and somewhat weaken, was known in antiquity. In the last century, apples were evaluated as follows: "Fresh, dried and boiled apples belong to the most delicious and healthy fruits. They are useful for those who suffer from anemia and shortness of breath, they calm the nerves and improve brain function." Compotes, jams, jelly, marshmallows, fillings for pies are prepared from apples. The fruits are used as a dietary and astringent for digestive disorders, beriberi, anemia, and excessive obesity. Known experiments on the use of apples for the treatment of colitis, dysentery, malaria, typhoid fever. The useful value of apples is enhanced by the presence of potassium, which is necessary to maintain normal heart activity and acid-base balance by neutralizing blood acids and preventing acidosis. Apples contribute to the elimination of oxalic acid from the body. The pectin contained in apples improves metabolism and helps to eliminate poisonous products and excess cholesterol from the body. It is very effective to carry out unloading "apple days" for obesity. Apples, low in sugar and high in vitamin C, are good for diabetes. Apple pectin has been found to delay the development of influenza A virus. Interesting experiments were carried out in America on the use of apples for the prevention of colds, most often influenza and bronchitis. The inclusion of 2-3 apples in the diet daily reduced the number of colds by 3 times, and the number of cases of hypertension by 6 times. Good results have been obtained even with one apple per day. In folk medicine, fresh apples and apple tea were used to improve digestion, to alleviate coughs, for rheumatism, kidney stones, anemia, beriberi, migraines; baked apples - with chronic constipation; Externally, fresh apples were used as an anti-inflammatory agent for burns, frostbite and for the treatment of non-healing ulcers, as a wound healing, diuretic for edema, sclerosis. In Eastern medicine, apples were considered a remedy for the treatment of diseases of the heart and brain, they were treated with sclerosis, hypertension. Recent studies have shown that certain varieties of apples, rich in vitamins C and P, are useful for atherosclerosis, hypertension, and rheumatism. The presence of chlorogenic acid makes apples a good prophylactic for stone formation. Sour varieties of apples are recommended for diabetes and obesity, sweet varieties for cardiovascular diseases, gout, kidney and gallbladder stones. To improve salt metabolism, tea is usually prescribed, prepared from 2-3 unpeeled apples, boiled for 15 minutes in a liter of water. You can also use dried apple peel powder (a tablespoon per cup of boiling water). In the literature, there are references to the fact that the juice flowing out of apples during roasting can be used orally to eliminate severe arthritic pain. Warm apple decoction or infusion of apples helps with acute respiratory diseases, accompanied by cough and swelling of the vocal cords, with hoarseness. An infusion of apple leaves is taken orally as a diaphoretic. Apple gruel mixed with butter heals cracks in the lips and nipples well, and gruel from fresh apples applied to the skin is excellent for both burns and frostbite of the skin, as well as for long-term non-healing wounds. The juice of sour apples is used to prepare apple iron, which is used for anemia. Authors: Dudnichenko L.G., Krivenko V.V. Apple tree. Features of planting and growing
The area of apple orchards in the world is 5 million hectares. Summer, autumn and winter apples for the whole year fully provide the human body with all the necessary vitamins and nutrients. Apples contain: vitamins - A, B1, B2, B5, B6, B9, B12, C, E, PP; trace elements - potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, sulfur, aluminum, phosphorus, vanadium, iodine, molybdenum, copper, nickel, chromium, zinc, selenium; useful substances - carotene, biotin, sugars, pectins, organic acids, flavonoids, glycosides, fiber and starch. Experts note that apples grown in northern conditions contain approximately two times more of these substances than those that ripen in the south. The domestic apple tree is represented by a huge variety of 10 varieties, including table, cider and ornamental. There are three main categories of apple varieties:
Planting material. To obtain an abundant and high-quality harvest of apples, a competent choice of seedlings is important. Buying a seedling is the main task facing gardeners. It is necessary to purchase young trees only in trusted stores or nurseries. You need to carefully inspect them before buying so that they do not show signs of damage or pests. It is very important to choose only those varieties that are zoned for the region and will endure the climate. It is necessary to understand which varieties to plant and what requirements they have for weather and soil composition. It is also better to check with the seller in advance if there are any nuances of care for a particular variety. Buy annual or biennial seedlings, depending on the goals. If you plant annuals, they are more likely to take root, but two-year-olds will begin to bear fruit earlier. When purchasing planting material, take into account the following:
It is very important to pay attention to the root system of a young plant. It should have well-developed roots that have a minimum of three branches, each of which should be about 30 cm long. The appearance of thin fibrous roots is also extremely important, because it is thanks to them that plants take water and nutrients from the soil. If possible, you need to pay attention to the sections on the roots. They must be white. Brown will indicate frostbite or a dried seedling. How to increase the survival rate of a seedling. To accelerate the adaptation of planted apple seedlings, it is important to provide them with proper care. There are several secrets. Root pruning. Plants purchased with an open root system need to be trimmed, removing damaged fragments to a living area. The operation is performed with a sharply sharpened knife, and after its completion, the resulting wound is treated with ash. Apple seedlings with closed roots do not need such a procedure, since their transplantation is carried out by the transshipment method while preserving the earthen clod. Trimming the above-ground part Shortening the height of the bole is carried out up to 7 buds, lateral branches (if any) are reduced by 1/3. Such an operation helps to slow down the development of the seedling, which allows you to redirect its forces to rooting. Soaking the root system To accelerate growth, the roots of apple seedlings are soaked in a special solution for 2-4 hours. Usually, for this purpose, Epin is used, diluted with water in a ratio of 2 ml / 5 l. This procedure is appropriate regardless of the landing time. When planting specimens with a closed root system by the transshipment method, the soil is irrigated with a solution to accelerate growth at the end of the procedure.
Landing. Spring planting of an apple tree is preferable for areas with cold winters, since the seedlings have enough time to take root before the onset of cold weather. As a rule, events are held from late April to mid-May, during this period the possibility of return frosts is excluded. The main disadvantage of spring planting is the waste of energy on the formation of green mass, therefore, such seedlings need maximum attention: strict adherence to the irrigation regime and loosening the soil. Autumn. Planting young apple trees in autumn is recommended only in the southern regions, where the soil does not freeze in winter, the right time for the procedure is from late September to the first decade of October. At this time, all the forces of culture are directed only at rooting, therefore, enhanced care (as in the summer) is not required for the seedling. When planting at this time, the hole is prepared approximately 1 month before the procedure to allow the soil to settle. The event is performed after leaf fall, so that all the forces of the seedling go only to the formation of roots. The sequence of the procedure for the autumn planting of an apple tree:
When planting apple seedlings in autumn, fertilization is not recommended, as this can provoke bud growth before the onset of cold weather. In summer, transplants are extremely rare. This may be a spontaneous transplant caused by one reason or another, or planting very high-quality planting material with an open root. At such times, it is important to provide intensive watering and the necessary top dressing. Place for an apple tree. After the suitable planting material is selected, the question arises of how to choose a place where to plant an apple tree. There are several important requirements to consider when choosing a landing site. Basic requirements for a place to plant an apple tree:
Planting in partial shade can cause low yields and stretch apple trees in height. In addition, such conditions contribute to the formation of dampness, which stimulates the development of various diseases. Wetlands and places with close groundwater (less than 2 m) are not suitable for growing apple trees. The ideal option would be a place located on the southern, southwestern or southeastern slope. Is it possible to plant in place of the old one. Some gardeners prefer to install an apple tree in place of the old one. This is done more out of habit and practicality or out of laziness. However, this is wrong. If you plant apple trees in the same place, there is a chance of infecting them with different pathogens or pests. Also, the soil tired of an adult plant is always poor, and there are not enough useful substances in it. It is best to choose the place where the soil rested for 3-4 years or use the site that was allocated for growing green manure. The distance of planting an apple tree from the fence. There is a requirement that is regulated by self-government bodies or horticultural associations that directly relate to the distance of planting an apple tree from a fence. If this is a tall culture, then the distance to the fence is four meters, for a short one - at least two. But it is better to understand that the apple tree needs a lot of space for normal development, so it is important to maintain the necessary distance. The crown should have enough space for air circulation and should be easy to maintain. apple tree neighbors Good neighbors for an apple tree will be:
With all this friendliness, there are those neighbors who are undesirable:
It is advised not to plant apple trees near nuts, because the culture has a strong root system that can suppress the roots of the apple tree. The soil. Growing an apple tree is not at all difficult if you follow all the basic rules of its agricultural technology. This culture is very unpretentious and undemanding to soils. Some believe that an unpretentious culture can grow on any soil. However, there are parameters that must be observed. The soil should be loose, porous slightly acidic. Not suitable for growing sulfate or chloride soil, saline. The ideal option would be planting on a sandy loam or loamy area, as well as on black soil. On sandy soil. Sandy soil is often poor, it lacks nutrients and also does not retain moisture. For this, a landing pit is prepared in advance in order to minimize these shortcomings. The preparation of the landing pit must begin in advance and make it as large as possible. The ideal option would be a diameter of 120 cm, and the same depth or even 1 m. A layer of clay must be poured onto the bottom, which will retain moisture. Further into the pit, it is best to bring and fill in the fertile black soil, add a layer of humus and peat. It is impossible to invest enough nutrition for the full development of an apple tree for its entire life. However, this will be enough for at least 6-8 years. Apple trees that grow in sandy soil will need more frequent fertilization. On clay soil. Clay soil is not the best option for planting an apple tree, but it can also be improved as much as possible. The pit is prepared more in depth in order to lay a layer of drainage from crushed stone, expanded clay and brick remnants there. In order to give the clay soil a loose structure, you can add a quarter of the total volume of river sand. On rocky ground. If the landscape is rocky, there are areas where the fertile soil occupies no more than 10-15 cm, and then there is a dense structure. You can plant on such soil, but you will need to adapt to the process. It is required to choose a place and make a hole there about 70 cm wide and deep. If crushed stone or rocky soil is close, then the recess will need to be hollowed out. Through the center of the pit, it will be necessary to make two perpendicular trenches, which will intersect exactly in the middle. They are filled with fertile soil, and along the edges they make vertical fascines from rods through which fertilizers and water will flow to the apple tree. Plants are planted right at the intersection of these perpendicular lines, and fertilizers and moisture are applied to the fascines. On peat soil. Usually a high peat index is associated with high groundwater, so moisture and acidity need to be controlled. If the acidity is increased, then the soil will have to be deoxidized with lime or dolomite flour. Fertilizer is added to the planting hole. It can be humus, superphosphate or wood ash. If close to groundwater. If groundwater is too close to the site, then all attention must be paid to the correct planting of the apple tree. There will be a few restrictions to keep in mind, as the roots of an apple tree are very susceptible to moisture and may even rot. Embankment. The roots of columnar or dwarf representatives do not go more than a meter deep, and for semi-dwarf ones, no more than one and a half meters. If this is enough, then just such varieties can be planted. The mound of a large hill is made in order to raise the apple tree to a small height. The mound can reach about a meter, in diameter you can make up to two meters. Further, the landing system is the same as in any other case. Using drainage systems throughout the site for drainage is a costly method, but it works for sure. True, only specialists can create the right project. Pit. Before planting an apple tree, it is necessary to properly prepare a planting hole for it. There are several basic requirements that must be met. You need to start cooking it at least a month in advance, even better from last season. If the soil is fertile, then the preparation is very simple. A standard hole is being prepared, about 70 by 70 cm, or meter by meter when planting a tall tree. The top layer of fertile soil must be removed and set aside, add humus, peat, wood ash and superphosphate to it. All this is mixed and left for some time so that the fertilizers are prepared. But there are some differences in the preparation of the landing pit, depending on the type of soil.
You can plant an apple tree correctly after all the preparatory procedures are done:
When planting apple seedlings, organic and mineral fertilizers are added to the soil, taken in the ratio:
Caring for young apple trees after planting. Rules for caring for planted fruit seedlings include the following:
They start feeding apple seedlings 3 years after planting (in the spring), using organic and mineral preparations, as well as self-prepared mixtures. Author: Zorina A.
Domestic apple tree, Malus domestica. Recipes for use in traditional medicine and cosmetology
Ethnoscience:
Cosmetology:
Attention! Before use, consult with a specialist!
Domestic apple tree, Malus domestica. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing
The domestic apple tree (Malus domestica) is a popular fruit tree grown for apple production. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing apple trees: Cultivation:
Workpiece:
Storage:
Keep in mind that some people may have an allergic reaction to apples, so an allergy test is recommended beforehand. See also Article Apple tree. Features of planting and growing
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