Why does the Pacific sign have this shape? Detailed answer

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Why does the Pacific sign have this shape? Detailed answer

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Why does the Pacific sign have this shape?

The sign "Pacific" got its appearance for a reason. It was designed by British artist Gerald Holtom in 1958 for the nuclear disarmament movement (in English "Nuclear Disarmament"). Holtom took the first letters of these words - N and D - and combined their semaphore designations. In the semaphore alphabet, the letter N is transmitted by flags stretched down and to the sides, and the letter D - with one flag up, the other down. The superimposition of these lines on each other determined the shape of the sign.

Authors: Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger

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Who and why divided the Commonwealth in the XVIII century?

The main reason for the divisions of the Commonwealth in the XNUMXth century was the weakness of the Polish-Lithuanian state, due to the political system (libertum veto) that had long been established in it, in which one member of the Sejm could block any resolution adopted by all the others.

This order, which weakened the Commonwealth, was beneficial not only to the magnates and the gentry, but also to neighboring states. Thus, the allied treaty between Russia and Sweden signed in 1724 in Stockholm contained a secret article that obligated the allies to support the libertum veto political system in the Commonwealth.

In 1764, Russia achieved the election of Stanislav Poniatowski, favorite of Catherine II, as the Polish king. However, his attempts to strengthen the central government, including limiting the veto libertum, displeased Prussia and Russia.

At first, Russia, seeking to preserve the integrity of the Commonwealth and keep it under its indivisible influence, rejected the partition plans put forward by Prussia. But the protracted nature of the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774, as well as the rapprochement between Prussia and Austria, prompted Catherine II to make an agreement with them at the expense of the Commonwealth.

In 1772, Russia, Austria and Prussia signed an agreement on the division of the Polish part of the Commonwealth among themselves. They occupied the annexed territories and in 1773 forced the Polish Sejm to recognize the partial division of the country.

In 1793, Prussia and Russia signed a convention that meant the second division of the Commonwealth (the interests of Austria were not taken into account). The Commonwealth lost half of the territory it had left after the first partition, and turned into an absolutely unviable state, but, nevertheless, the Sejm recognized the decision to partition.

In 1794, the Polish people responded to these actions of the government with an uprising led by Tadeusz Kosciuszko.

In 1795, after the suppression of the uprising, Russia, Prussia and Austria agreed on the third, final division of the state. The Commonwealth disappeared from the map of Europe.

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