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CULTURAL AND WILD PLANTS
Common juniper (veres). Legends, myths, symbolism, description, cultivation, methods of application
Directory / Cultivated and wild plants Content
Common Juniper (Veres), Juniperus communis. Photos of the plant, basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism
Basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism Sort by: Juniper (Juniperus) Family: Cypress (Cupressaceae) Origin: Europe, North Asia, North America Area: Common juniper is widely distributed in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere, also found in the mountains of tropical regions. Chemical composition: Juniper contains essential oils, flavonoids, alkaloids, resins, etc. Depending on the species, the specific chemical composition may differ. Economic value: Juniper is used in medicine, cosmetology, the production of fragrances, as well as shrub ornamental vegetation. Its wood is used to make beautiful and durable furniture, including outdoor furniture, as well as for the production of musical instruments and other products. Dried berries of the male plant can be used as a spice. Juniper is also used in the production of beverages such as gin and other alcoholic beverages. Legends, myths, symbolism: In ancient Greek mythology, the juniper was associated with the goddess Artemis, goddess of the hunt and virginity. It was said that the juniper was a symbol of purity and purity, and was used in religious ceremonies associated with the worship of the goddess Artemis. In the culture of Northern Europe, veres is associated with the concept of strength and protection. It is used as a symbol of protection and courage, and is often mentioned in the literature and poetry of these cultures. In Scottish culture, veres is associated with the concept of homeland and national identity. It is used as a symbol of Scotland and often adorns the national coat of arms of that country. Symbolically, veres is associated with the concept of protection and courage. It symbolizes the idea of protection from evil and negative energy, as well as the idea of courage and willpower. Veres is also associated with the concept of purity and purity, and is used as a symbol of these ideas. In magic and esotericism, veres is used as a protective talisman that can scare away evil spirits and negative energy. It is also used to strengthen courage, willpower and protection from negative influences.
Common Juniper (Veres), Juniperus communis. Description, illustrations of the plant Juniper ordinary. Juniperus communis. Description of the plant, area, cultivation, application
It grows everywhere in pine and mixed forests, in clearings, clearings, along river banks as undergrowth. Coniferous, evergreen shrub or tree 3-8 m high. The trunk is branched, covered with gray-brown or reddish-brown cracked bark. Leaves 4-16 mm long, sharp, prickly, hard, arranged in whorls, three needles each. Blooms in April - May. Flowers are unisexual. Female flowers are green spherical cones, male flowers are axillary catkins. Pollinated in May by the wind. Fruits from 5-10 years of age. After pollination, the upper three scales swell and coalesce, forming a seedling - a false cone berry, 6-9 mm in diameter, fleshy, with 3 seeds inside, covered with a bluish bloom, sweetish-spicy taste, a peculiar smell. The seeds are brown, oblong, trihedral, formed the next year after pollination. In deep autumn and winter, green and ripe black berries can be seen on the bushes at the same time. The process of formation, ripening lasts two years: the first year the berries are green, in the second year they ripen, becoming black-brown or black with a blue bloom. The bark contains tannins, essential oil; stems - tannins, essential oil, ascorbic acid. Ripe berries contain a lot of sugar, organic acids, flavonoids, pectin, bitter, gummy substances, fatty and essential oils, wax, resin, etc. For household purposes, juniper wood is used to make various crafts that are distinguished by beauty, durability, and a pleasant smell. From juniper resin, a high-quality varnish is prepared for coating wooden products. Berries are used to obtain persistent dyes. The essential oil from the fruit is used in the perfume industry. Juniper is planted in parks and gardens as an ornamental plant. Branches fumigate meat, fish, protecting them from spoilage. Juniper fruits are used in nutrition. Juice, syrup, kvass, fruit drink, beer are prepared from them. Kissel, jelly is boiled from syrup, tea is drunk with it. The syrup is poured into the dough for gingerbread, gingerbread. Seasonings for meat and fish dishes are made from berries. They are put in pickles, marinades, when salting cabbage. Juniper juice. 1. Mash the fruits so that the seeds remain intact, remove the seeds (they contain bitterness). Divide fruits into 3 portions. Pour one serving with warm water, let it brew for 10-15 minutes, squeeze out the juice. Add the second portion of berries to the juice, stir, squeeze the juice, mix with the third portion of berries and squeeze the juice again. 1 kg of juniper, 3 liters of water. 2. Mash the berries, remove the seeds, pour water at a temperature of 50 ° C for 2-3 hours, then strain. Use for flavoring drinks, dough. 1 kg of juniper, 3 liters of water. Juniper syrup. Evaporate the juice in a water bath to 1/3 of the original volume. You will get a syrup containing 60% sugar. (Juniper sugar is one and a half times sweeter than beet sugar.) Juniper and cranberry lemonade. Mash the cranberries with a wooden pestle, squeeze out the juice, mix with juniper syrup, add pieces of lemon peel, sparkling water. 200 ml of cranberry juice, 150-200 ml of juniper syrup, 1 liter of carbonated water. Kvass from fresh apples, mountain ash and juniper. Boil chopped apples with peel, add juniper syrup, yeast, mashed with a little sugar, lemon peel, rowan juice. Insist 2-3 days in a warm place. Remove the foam, pour the drink into bottles or jars and cork. Store in a cold place. 1,5 kg of apples (sour), 5 liters of water, 200-300 g of sugar, 300 g of juniper syrup, 300-400 ml of rowan juice, 100 g of yeast, lemon peel to taste. Soup with juniper. In salted meat broth or water, boil potatoes, carrots, parsley root, onions, add juniper fruits and boil for another 5 minutes (you can add chopped juniper fruits to a plate before serving - 1/4 teaspoon). 500 ml of broth, 200 g of potatoes, 100 g of carrots, 15 g of parsley root, 25 g of onion, 10 juniper fruits. Cabbage sauerkraut with juniper. Chop cabbage, add carrots grated on a coarse grater, cumin seeds, dill, salt, juniper broth, mix well, put in prepared dishes, cover with a napkin, a wooden circle, put a load. To prepare a decoction, grind dried juniper berries, cook for 30 minutes over low heat, then strain. 10 kg of cabbage, 0,5 l of decoction of juniper fruits, 250 g of salt, 500 g of carrots, 5 g of cumin and dill seeds. For a decoction: 20 g of dried juniper fruits, 1 liter of water. Meat stewed with juniper. Fry the pieces of meat in vegetable oil or fat, put them in a roaster, add onions, garlic, cumin seeds, dill, bay leaf, a little broth or water and simmer over low heat until tender. At the end of cooking, salt, pour in a decoction of juniper, season with tomato sauce. How to prepare a decoction - see the previous recipe. 500 g of meat, 50 g of vegetable oil, 50 g of onion, 3-4 cloves of garlic, 250 ml of juniper broth, 250 ml of broth or water, 50 g of tomato sauce, spices, bay leaf, salt to taste. For decoction: 10 g of dried juniper fruits, 500 ml of water. Juniper seasoning. Grind the dried berries in a coffee grinder and sift. The powder is used for flavoring meat, fish dishes, gravy.
Juniper berries are used in folk medicine. They have a diuretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, diaphoretic effect, improve appetite, functions of the stomach, intestines, and bile secretion. Fresh berries are more effective than infusions and decoctions. Infusion of juniper berries. 10 g of crushed berries insist in 200 ml of boiling water for 4 hours, then strain. Take 1 tablespoon 3-4 times a day for bronchitis, colds, externally for rubbing with pain in the joints and muscles. Infusion of dried juniper berries. Infuse 15 g of dried berries in 400 ml of chilled boiled water for 2 hours, strain. Take 1 tablespoon 3-4 times daily before meals as a diuretic. Infusion of berries and juniper stalks. Brew 50 g of berries and stems in a bucket of boiling water, leave for 4 hours. Use for baths with rheumatism, gout. A decoction of juniper berries. Boil 15 g of berries in 200 ml of water for 10 minutes, leave for 30 minutes, strain. Drink 50 ml 3-4 times a day for diseases of the bladder, cholecystitis, colitis. A decoction of juniper berries. Boil 100 g of berries in 400 ml of water for 10 minutes, then add sugar and cook until the consistency of syrup, strain. Take 1 teaspoon 3 times a day before meals for diseases of the stomach, intestines, bladder, to improve appetite. Contraindications: nephritis, nephronephritis, pregnancy. Harvest the fruits of juniper in the fall, fully ripe. Bedding is spread under the bush, berries are shaken on them, lightly hitting the branches with a stick. Raw materials are winnowed, cleaned of impurities, unripe fruits. Dry in the air, in well-ventilated areas, on open verandas, attics, under a canopy, often turn over. Drying in ovens is not recommended - the fruits become wrinkled, quickly deteriorate, lose their medicinal qualities. Dried fruits are 6-9 mm in diameter, round or spherical-oval, shiny, sometimes dull, smooth, black-brown in color, some are covered with a bluish-gray bloom. The flesh is greenish-brown with 1-3 seeds. The taste is sweet, the smell is peculiar, aromatic. From 100 kg of fresh juniper berries, 40-45 kg of dried berries are obtained. They are stored in bags on undercarriages, in a dry, ventilated area, at a distance from other types of raw materials. Shelf life - up to 3 years. It is impossible to allow admixture of Kazakh juniper, which is very poisonous. Its berries are hilly, black-blue, with green flesh, with 2 seeds, much longer than the leaves (in common juniper, the berries are 2-3 times shorter than the needles), with a sharply unpleasant odor. The leaves are not needle-like, but scaly, flat, pressed against the branch. Authors: Alekseychik N.I., Vasanko V.A.
Common juniper, Juniperus communis L. Botanical description, distribution, chemical composition, features of use
Cypress family - Cupressaceae. Dioecious plant, evergreen shrub 100-300 cm high, less often - a tree up to 12 m high; the bark is dark gray or grayish-brown. The leaves are sessile, hard, linear-subulate, subulate-pointed, prickly, almost trihedral, with a wide whitish longitudinal stripe in the middle. Microstrobili almost sessile, yellowish, female cones - cones numerous, oblong-ovate, pale green, sitting on very short legs. Seeds are oblong-triangular, yellow-brown, ripen in the fall of the following year. The plant is found in the temperate climate of the Northern Hemisphere (Europe, Asia, North America), also grows in North Africa and tropical regions of Asia (Nepal, Pakistan). Cone berries contain up to 2% essential oil, which includes terpenes camphene, cadinene, terpineol, borneol, pinene, etc., up to 40% sugars, dyes, organic acids (formic, acetic, malic), resins, as well as trace elements ( manganese, iron, copper, aluminum); in needles up to 0,27% ascorbic acid. Essential oils, resins, saponins, tannins and dyes were found in the roots. The plant has toxic properties, so an overdose should not be allowed. Juniper cone berries have a spicy, light, balsamic, resinous smell, reminiscent of the aroma of forests and meadows. Their taste is bitter, spicy, resinous and sweetish. Used in the alcoholic beverage industry, brewing, for the production of juniper vodka and gin. They are part of many spice blends. First of all, juniper is used in all ways of preparing game, dark sauces, meat products, mainly fatty pork and lamb. Gourmets highly appreciate the excellent subtle flavor of sauerkraut after adding juniper fruit. It also improves the aroma of Savoy, red cabbage and beets. Pine needles and cone berries are used for smoking meat and fish products. Cone berries as a spice are used in the manufacture of fruit drinks, sweets, gingerbread. Juniper has strong phytoncidal properties. It has long been noted that in those places where it grows, the air is cleaner, emaciated sick animals go there, which, eating cone berries, restore their strength. The Indians of North America, for the treatment of tuberculosis of the skin, bones and joints, placed patients in the thickets of this plant, where the air is saturated with volatile secretions. Even Virgil wrote that during the strongest epidemics of cholera, dwellings should be fumigated with smoke from juniper branches. The essential oil obtained from unripe pine cones is used to make immersion oil for microscopic examination and refreshing essences. In medicine, cones are used, called "juniper berries", as a diuretic, disinfectant of the urinary tract, expectorant, choleretic and digestive remedy, with diarrhea, flatulence. The essential oil from the needles has strong disinfecting properties, they treat trichomonas colpitis. Juniper cones are part of the medicine prescribed by M. N. Zdrenko, used to treat bladder papillomatosis, anacid gastritis and gastric ulcer. From wood by dry distillation, the so-called burnt juniper turpentine oil ("juniper tar") is obtained, recommended as an external analgesic and distraction. Cones are used in homeopathy and veterinary medicine. In folk medicine, they were used orally for edema, malaria, kidney disease, cystitis, leucorrhea, gout, rheumatism, as part of mixtures for metabolic polyarthritis; externally - as a distracting and analgesic rinse for inflammation of the gums, with wet lichen, scabies. The roots were used for tuberculosis, bronchitis, gastric ulcer, skin diseases; decoction of branches - for allergies. The use of cones is contraindicated in inflammation of the kidneys, as it can cause blood in the urine, serious poisoning and increased inflammation. The plant is used in decorative landscape gardening and in field-protective afforestation as an anti-erosion breed. Authors: Dudchenko L.G., Kozyakov A.S., Krivenko V.V.
Common juniper, Junipcrus communis. Botanical description of the plant, areas of growth and ecology, economic importance, applications
A highly branched, evergreen, coniferous shrub plant of the cypress family, reaching a height of 4-12 m. The needles, collected in whorls of 3 needles each, are 1-2 cm long and 1-2 mm wide. Juniper is a dioecious plant. Male plants bloom with elongated catkins, and round cones are formed on female plants, which then turn into cone-berries, or juniper berries. Juniper blossoms in May; the fruits ripen in the second year in autumn (October-November). In the year of formation, they are green, and the next they acquire a black-brown color. Each fruit contains 3 hard seeds. Common juniper in the wild is distributed in almost the entire northern hemisphere. It grows in pine forests, along river banks, on dry hills and mountain slopes. It is propagated only by seeds that germinate after freezing. Juniper is very decorative and winter-hardy, grows extremely slowly, does not tolerate transplantation. Brings out shading. Juniper cones-berries contain up to 2% essential oil, which is a mobile liquid with a yellowish or greenish tint, which has a turpentine smell. 0,26% essential oil was found in the leaves. Cones-berries contain up to 40% glucose and fructose, a small amount of organic acids, as well as bitter resins, tannins. The yellow coloring matter uniperin was also found in the fruits, and fatty oil was found in the seeds. Mature black fruits are eaten. Their taste is sweetish, the smell is peculiar, fragrant. It is because of the peculiar tart taste that the berries have become the favorite spice of all hunters and are an invariable seasoning for game dishes. However, they can also be used to prepare fish marinades, improve the taste and smell of cabbage and beets with them. In dry ground form, they are introduced into the composition of certain spice mixtures. Juniper berries have long been used in medicine. Their essential oil, irritating the mucous membranes of the intestine, causes an increase in its peristalsis, it enhances the secretion of the bronchial glands, thins the sputum, which contributes to its better separation. Essential oil is excreted mainly through the kidneys, moderately irritating them, which increases diuresis. In addition, it acts antimicrobially. Juniper berries are used as a diuretic, disinfectant of the urinary tract, in diseases of the kidneys, in diseases of the liver, and also as an expectorant and improve digestion. For this, tea is prepared: 100 g of dried berries are boiled in 400 ml of water until soft, filtered, brought to the original volume with boiled water and taken daily in the form of syrup with sugar, one teaspoon 3 times a day before meals. Outwardly essential oil of juniper berry is used for rheumatic pains, pain in the joints and muscles for rubbing. When collecting cones-juniper berries, it must be remembered that they can be confused with the Cossack juniper, which is poisonous. The fruits of the common juniper have three seeds, the Cossack - two; in the ordinary - the color of the fruit is black-brown, in the Cossack - black-blue with a waxy coating. The leaves of the common juniper are needle-shaped, those of the Cossack - flat, pressed. Harvesting of seedlings of cones is produced from September until the shrub is covered with snow. When harvesting, the shrub is shaken off onto a litter previously spread out under the branches. Ripe berries fall off. They are collected, scattered in a thin layer on a cloth or paper and dried in the open air or in a well-ventilated area. The temperature should not exceed 35%, otherwise the berries will lose their flavor. Dried seedlings should be black-brown in color. Store them in paper bags or boxes. Authors: Yurchenko L.A., Vasilkevich S.I.
Common juniper, Juniperus communis L. Botanical description, habitat and habitats, chemical composition, application in medicine and industry
Synonyms: brudevelnik, mozhevel, grouse bush, grouse berries, yalovets, etc. Evergreen coniferous shrub up to 12 m high, cypress family (Cupressaceae). Leaves linear, subulate. Flowers are dioecious. Male and female inflorescences are located in the leaf axils. The fruit is a berry-like juicy cone. Blossoms in May, the fruits ripen in autumn in the second year of the plant's life. Range and habitats. The plant is found in the temperate climate of the Northern Hemisphere (Europe, Asia, North America), also grows in North Africa and tropical regions of Asia (Nepal, Pakistan). It grows on heaths, limestones, dry hills, on dry mountain slopes, river banks, in the undergrowth of pine forests, less often in sparse spruce, deciduous and mixed forests, remaining and forming thickets in the place of reduced forests, less often in moss swamps. On the edges and clearings forms pure juniper communities. Frost-resistant. Can tolerate shade, but thrives best in open areas. It grows on various soils, most often on dry and poor sandy and podzolic soils, which, with moderate humidity, are most favorable for it; also occurs on excessively flowing-moist, somewhat waterlogged soils. Chemical composition. Cone berries contain sugars (up to 42%), dyes, organic acids (formic, acetic, malic), resins (9,5%), essential oil (up to 2%), which includes terpenes camphene, cadinene, terpineol, pinene , borneol, as well as trace elements (manganese, iron, copper, aluminum); in needles up to 0,27% ascorbic acid. Essential oils, resins, saponins, tannins and dyes were found in the roots. The plant has toxic properties, so an overdose should not be allowed. Application in medicine. Juniper fruits are an old remedy used in folk medicine and accepted in medical practice. The fruits of the plant have diuretic properties. It is used for edema as a diuretic, as well as for diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract as a disinfectant, sometimes with potassium acetate. With prolonged use causes irritation of the renal parenchyma. Juniper preparations are contraindicated in nephritis and nephronephritis. Other uses. The wood is sound. The sapwood is narrow, white with narrow annual layers. The core is grayish-brown with a matte sheen. The annual layers are narrow, winding, clearly visible in all sections. The early part of the annual layer abruptly passes to the late part, which is poorly developed. There are no resin passages. Juniper wood usually has high mechanical properties. The plant is used as an ornamental garden plant and in field-protective afforestation as a soil-fixing plant. The wood is reddish with a pleasant smell; due to the small size of the tree, the wood has no industrial value. Fine-layered and dense, it is used for turning, carving, making toys and walking sticks. Brown and red paints can be obtained from wood. Timber stock up to 10 m3/ha. Dry distillation of wood yields burnt oil of juniper (lat. Oleum cadinum), used as an external distraction. The resin gives sandarak and is used to make white lacquer. Cone berries stain fabrics in yellow and yellow-green colors. Cone berries contain a large amount of sugar, essential oil, organic acids, resins; are used in the alcoholic beverage industry, brewing, for the production of juniper vodka (boletus) and gin. They are part of many spice mixes. First of all, juniper is used in all ways of preparing game, dark sauces, meat products, mainly fatty pork and lamb. It also improves the aroma of Savoy, red cabbage and beets. Pine needles and cone berries are used for smoking meat and fish products. Cone berries as a spice are used in the manufacture of fruit drinks, sweets, gingerbread. Beer is brewed from ripe juniper fruits, sugar (juniper) is extracted, and wine is made. Authors: Turova A.D., Sapozhnikova E.N.
Common juniper, Juniper is communis L. Description, habitats, nutritional value, use in cooking
Juniper is a tree-like shrub from the cypress family, with evergreen needles 2-3 m high, or a tree up to 12 m high, up to 10-12 cm thick. It grows in pine or mixed forests, on forest edges and mountain slopes. Juniper needles are modified leaves. They are short, sharp-needled, arranged in 3 pcs. Fruits in the form of berries, consist of fused dense scales, like the cones of coniferous trees, which is why they are called cone berries. They ripen in the second year, turning from green to black and blue. Residents of the Tien Shan have been using juniper (juniper) wood for a long time for making the frame of yurts, utensils, saddles, pencils, in the construction of bridges, fastenings in mines, where juniper wood does not rot for many years. Juniper can be turned into a barometer. A small piece of the trunk 30-40 cm long with a long twig (40-60 cm) is nailed to the wall: in dry and hot weather, the twig straightens, and when the humidity increases, it bends towards the nailed trunk. In hot weather, the aroma of perfume spreads from the juniper bushes. The air is filled with phytoncides, purified from microbes. Only in 1 day from one hectare of juniper can allocate up to 30 kg of phytoncides. This amount of volatile substances is enough to clean the air of germs in a big city. Juniper berries contain a large amount (up to 40%) of grape sugar, organic acids (malic, acetic, formic), uniperine dye and essential oil (up to 2%). There are resin, wax and oil in the berries. The bark contains up to 8% tannins, and the needles - up to 266 mg% of ascorbic acid. The fruits are usually used for food. They prepare juniper kvass, beer, fruit drink. Berries flavor game, soups and soft drinks, add them to pickles and marinades. Author: Koshcheev A.K.
Juniper ordinary. reference Information
Evergreen shrub 1-3 m high, rarely a tree up to 12 m high of the cypress family. Female cones - cones, numerous, oblong-ovate, pale green, sit on very short legs. Seeds are oblong-triangular, yellow-brown, ripen in the fall of the following year. Cone berries contain up to 2% essential oil, up to 40% sugars, dyes, organic acids (formic, acetic, malic), resins, as well as trace elements manganese, iron, copper and aluminum; needles - up to 270 mg% of vitamin C. Essential oils were found in the roots; resins, saponins, tannins and dyes. The plant is poisonous. In medicine, cones are used, called juniper berries. Harvest them in the fall when fully ripe. They are used as a diuretic, disinfectant of the urinary tract, as an expectorant and improves digestion. The essential oil of their needles has strong disinfecting properties, they treat trichomonas colpitis. The fruits are part of the medicine prescribed by M. N. Zdrenko, used to treat bladder papillomatosis, anacid gastritis and gastric ulcer. From wood by dry distillation, the so-called burnt juniper turpentine oil (juniper tar) is obtained, recommended as an external analgesic and distraction. Cones are used in homeopathy. In folk medicine, they were used orally for edema, malaria, kidney disease, cystitis, gallstone and urolithiasis, liver disease, leucorrhoea, gout, rheumatism; externally - for pain in the ears, as a distraction for rheumatic and gouty pains, for rinsing with inflammation of the gums, with wet lichen, scabies. The roots were used for tuberculosis, bronchitis, gastric ulcer, skin diseases; decoction of branches - for allergies. Cones are used in veterinary medicine. Their use is contraindicated in inflammation of the kidneys - it can cause blood in the urine, serious poisoning and increased inflammation. Common juniper has strong phytoncidal properties. It has long been noticed that in those places where it grows, the air is cleaner, emaciated sick animals go there, which, eating cone berries, restore their strength. Obviously, it was not by chance that in North America the Indians, for the treatment of tuberculosis of the skin, bones and joints, placed patients in the thickets of this plant, where the air is saturated with healing volatile secretions. Back in the XNUMXst century Virgil wrote that during the strongest epidemics of cholera, dwellings should be fumigated with juniper branches. The essential oil obtained from unripe pine cones is used to make immersion oil for microscopic examination and refreshing essences. Shishkoyagody is used in the alcoholic beverage industry, brewing, in the manufacture of fruit drinks, sweets, gingerbread. Pine needles and fruits are used for smoking meat and fish products. In some Western European countries, the production of juniper vodka (gin) is common. Authors: Dudnichenko L.G., Krivenko V.V.
Common juniper, Juniperus communis. Interesting plant facts
Family Cypress, class Coniferous, department Gymnosperms. Juniper grows in forests, most often in coniferous forests, mainly on the edges. Leaves are short, stiff, linear-subulate needles, located on brown branches, 3 in a whorl. Blooms in May. Juniper, like all conifers, does not have real flowers. On some bushes, at the ends of the side branches, there are staminate inflorescences in the form of a cluster of stamens; on others - pistillate inflorescences, consisting of several scales, between which are free ovules. The fruits are black and blue berries, but these are not real berries, but cones, dressed instead of scales with pulp with a thick skin. Common juniper is sometimes called a companion of pine. It is an inhabitant of coniferous forests, but can also settle in open spaces, in clearing areas. Juniper usually has the form of a bush with several stems or the shape of a tree with one upright stem. This plant is low - from 1 to 3 m. Very rarely, under very favorable conditions, juniper grows up to 10 m. On the upper surface of the juniper needles there are two light strips of wax coating, which prevents the penetration of water into the stomata. This is one of the few plants in which the stomata are placed on the upper side of the needle-leaf, and not on the lower. Inside the berry-like cones are three seeds. Ripe black fruits with a bluish bloom are eaten by many birds, especially blackbirds. Birds that eat these "berries" contribute to the spread of juniper, since the seeds, surrounded by a hard, like a stone, shell, do not dissolve under the action of digestive juices and, once in different parts of the forest, can germinate. Juniper is a medicinal plant and its wood is used to make handicrafts. Authors: Kozlova T.A., Sivoglazov V.I.
Common Juniper (Veres), Juniperus communis. Botanical description of the plant, area, methods of application, cultivation
The Latin name Juniperus, according to one version, comes from joini-parus - "giving branches suitable for weaving", according to other sources - from the Celtic word Jeneprus - prickly, because of the prickly leaves. An evergreen shrub 1-3 m high, less often a tree 8-12 m high. The crown is cone-shaped or ovoid, narrower in males, more or less ascending or prostrate in females, sometimes with branches hanging at the end. The bark is dark gray or grayish-brown, longitudinally scaly. Shoots are reddish-brown. Leaves 1-1,5 cm long, 0,7-7,5 mm wide, sessile, hard, linear-subulate or subulate-acuminate, prickly, almost trihedral, dense, shallowly grooved above, with one inseparable or sometimes to the middle divided by a whitish stomatal strip along the midrib, shiny green below with a blunt keel. The leaves are ring-shaped, three in each ring, and remain on the shoots for up to four years. The buds are bare, without scales, sometimes surrounded by adpressed and shortened leaves. It dusts in April-May (in Siberia - in May-June). The wood is sound. The sapwood is narrow, white with narrow annual layers. The core is grayish-brown with a matte sheen. The annual layers are narrow, winding, clearly visible in all sections. The early part of the annual layer abruptly passes to the late part, which is poorly developed. There are no resin passages. Juniper wood usually has high mechanical properties and smells very pleasant. Propagated mainly by seeds. Age limit - 600 years. Frost-resistant. Juniper is a dioecious plant, i.e. male and female reproductive organs are on different specimens. Occasionally, monoecious plants come across (one individual has both female and male organs). Male cones (microstrobili) almost sessile, yellowish. Female cones - cones are numerous, non-opening, with tightly closed fleshy scales, 5-9 mm in diameter, oblong-ovate or spherical, at first pale green, when ripe - black-blue with or without a blue wax coating. They ripen in the second or third year in autumn, consist of three or six scales, sit on very short legs. In a cone there are three (sometimes 1-2) trihedral separate seeds, elongated-ovate or ovate-conical, yellow-brown. The first seed-bearing in open places in 5-10 years. Abundant harvests in 3-5 years (in these years, the yield of cones is over 50 kg / ha). Common juniper is widely found in the temperate climate of the Northern Hemisphere (Europe, Asia, North America), also grows in North Africa and tropical regions of Asia (Nepal, Pakistan), in the forest and forest-steppe zones of the European part, Western and partly Eastern Siberia (up to the river basin Lena). It grows on heaths, limestones, dry hills, on dry mountain slopes, river banks, in the undergrowth of pine forests, less often in sparse spruce, deciduous and mixed forests, remaining and forming thickets in the place of reduced forests, less often in moss swamps. On the edges and clearings forms pure juniper communities. Can tolerate shade, but thrives best in open areas. It grows on various soils, most often on dry and poor sandy and podzolic soils, which, with moderate humidity, are most favorable for it; also occurs on excessively flowing-moist, somewhat waterlogged soils. Junipers live for a long time, but they are poorly renewed in nature, therefore, in populated areas and in the vicinity of large cities, they need protection. Juniper fruits (cones) contain up to 2% essential oil (it contains camphene, cadinene, terpineol, borneol, pinene and other terpenes), acetic, malic and formic acids, invert sugar (up to 40%), wax (up to 0,7. 9,5%), inositol alcohol, coloring matter - uniperin, pectin, bitter, resinous (up to 3,40%) and other substances. The fruits also contain: ash - 12,70%; macroelements (mg/g): K - 7,00, Ca - 1,00, Mn - 0,14, Fe - 0,19; trace elements (CBN): Mg - 0,46, Cu - 0,39, Zn - 0,17, Cr - 0,04, Al - 9,30, Se - 1,35, Ni - 0,21, Sr - 0,03 .89,20, Pb - XNUMX. B - XNUMX mcg / g. Co, Mo, Cd, Ba, V, Li, Au, Ag, I, Br were not detected. Concentrates Ni, Se, especially Se. The needles contain up to 0,27% ascorbic acid (about 266 mg%), essential oil (up to 0,18%). The stems contain tannins, essential oil (0,25%), ascorbic acid. The bark contains tannins (up to 8%), essential oil (up to 0,5%). Essential oils, resins, saponins, tannins and dyes were found in the roots. Cone berries contain a large amount of sugar, essential oil, organic acids, resins. They are used in the alcoholic beverage industry, brewing, for the production of juniper vodka (boletus). The fruit is also exported to England as a necessary ingredient for making gin. Beer is brewed from ripe juniper fruits, sugar (juniper) is extracted, and wine is made. Juniper is often used in Scandinavian, North French and German cuisine, juniper is also used as a flavoring for gin. Syrup is obtained from the juice of frozen berries by evaporation in a water bath. Common juniper cone berries are part of many spices. Ground berries are used in the preparation of game dishes or meat products from meat (mainly fatty pork and lamb) and poultry to give them a specific taste of game, are added to sauces, broths, sauerkraut, potatoes, pates, minced meat, marinades for meat , into liquors. It also improves the aroma of Savoy, red cabbage and beets. Pine needles and cone berries are used for smoking meat and fish products. Cone berries as a spice are used in the manufacture of fruit drinks, sweets, gingerbread. Juniper is also used as a substitute for coffee. Juniper has strong phytoncidal properties. The Indians of North America, for the treatment of tuberculosis of the skin, bones and joints, placed patients in the thickets of this plant, where the air is saturated with volatile secretions. As a medicinal raw material, the fruits (cones) of common juniper (Fructus Juniperi communis, Baccae Juniperi) are used, which are harvested in autumn and dried at temperatures up to 30 ° C or under sheds. When picking berries, shake the bush or tap the branches with a stick. Ripe berries easily fall on matting or canvas spread under a bush. Drying should only be ripe berries of a brownish or purple-black color, shiny, sometimes with a bluish bloom. Unripe berries and stalks should be removed. Conditioned dried berries should be black-brown or purple in color, sometimes with a blue wax coating, with a sweetish-spicy taste, when rubbed - with an aromatic resinous odor, humidity not higher than 20%. The essential oil obtained from unripe pine cones is used to make immersion oil for microscopic examination and refreshing essences. From wood by dry distillation, the so-called burnt juniper turpentine oil ("juniper tar") is obtained, recommended as an external analgesic and distraction.
In medicine, cones are used as a diuretic, disinfectant of the urinary tract, expectorant, choleretic and digestive aid, with diarrhea, flatulence. The fruits are part of the diuretic fees. The essential oil from the needles has strong disinfecting properties, they treat trichomonas colpitis. Juniper fruits in large quantities are moderately poisonous. They should not be taken in acute inflammatory diseases of the kidneys (nephritis, nephrosonephritis), peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum, acute gastritis and colitis, as well as pregnant women, because they increase blood flow to the pelvic organs. Preparations containing the fruits of the plant should not be prescribed for a long time, as they irritate the renal parenchyma. It is necessary to strictly observe the dosage, since the simultaneous intake of 50 fruits threatens with severe poisoning. In case of poisoning, pain in the throat, abdomen, vomiting with blood, diarrhea, profuse urination (due to irritation of the kidneys) appear. In pregnant women, uterine bleeding begins, and a miscarriage is possible. In cases of severe poisoning, dangerous kidney damage, convulsions and loss of consciousness are observed. Urgent measures consist of gastric lavage with large amounts of water or a weak solution of potassium permanganate, saline laxatives (sodium or magnesium sulfate 15-25 g with 2-3 glasses of water), mucous decoctions of starch or salep (give 1 tablespoon every 15 minutes ). To stimulate cardiac activity, injections of camphor or caffeine-benzoate (1-2 ml of a 20% solution) can be made. In folk medicine, all organs of the common juniper are used. Its cones and branches in the form of a decoction - inside with edema, malaria, kidney disease, cystitis, with whites, gout, rheumatism, as part of mixtures with metabolic polyarthritis, with delayed menstruation. Infusion (externally in the form of baths) - for rheumatism, gout, as a distracting and analgesic rinse for inflammation of the gums, with weeping lichen, scabies. Juice from cones is used as a diuretic for inflammation of the urinary tract, arthritis of an exchange nature. Fresh cones - with stomach ulcers, liver diseases. Essential oil from unripe cones externally - for scabies. Cone berries are also part of diuretic fees. The roots were used for stomach ulcers, pulmonary tuberculosis, bronchitis, and skin diseases. Branches in the form of a decoction - for allergies, exudative diathesis, scurvy. Juniper is widely used as an ornamental garden plant and in field-protective afforestation as a soil-fixing plant. Its wood is also used in the household - reddish, with a pleasant smell, fine-layered and dense. It is used for turning, carving, making a pencil stick, souvenirs, toys and walking sticks. It polishes well. Juniper wood is also used in fisheries - it is used to cover ponds for spawning, where mirror carp are bred. Brown and red paints can be obtained from wood. However, due to the small size of the tree, juniper wood has no industrial value. In the juniper (juniper) forests of Central Asia, the stock of timber is up to 10 cubic meters per hectare. Dry distillation of wood yields burnt oil of juniper (Oleum cadinum), used medicinally as an external distraction. Juniper resin produces sandarak and is used to make white lacquer. Unripe cones have coloring properties and stain fabrics yellow and yellow-green. The essential oil is used in perfumery. A decoction of fruits with a small amount of flour helps to increase the milk yield of cattle. Ripe fruits are a delicacy for birds (in winter, they often save black grouse, hazel grouse, capercaillie, bullfinch from death). Juniper branches are used as an additive to bath brooms and for "steaming" (disinfecting) tubs and other wooden containers for storing fruits, vegetables and mushrooms. Junipers propagate by seeds, while seedlings usually appear only a year after sowing, by cuttings that are harvested in early autumn, by layering - mostly creeping species, by grafting - especially rare, valuable species and forms are grafted onto specimens of the same or related species.
Juniper ordinary. Useful information
Common juniper is a tree or tall shrub, widespread in Polissya, in the western regions of Ukraine, in the forest zone. This is a close relative of the southern cypress, which grows wild in the northern regions of Ukraine as a tree or bush. The fruits are juicy, red, berry-like, fleshy cones. The pulp contains up to 47% sugars. In Polissya, sweet syrup is obtained from juniper berries, which is added to cookies, compotes, jelly. In Poland, Norway, Sweden, Germany, Finland, sugar is obtained from juniper berries, fruit drinks are made and beer is brewed, and in England juniper vodka - gin - is made. Juniper berries are used for liqueurs and cognacs, tinctures. Juice from them is an obligatory component of the Riga balsam. The juice of fresh berries is used in confectionery baking, in the manufacture of sweets, jellies, canned jelly and compotes. In Sweden, juniper berries are added to some beers. Alcohol, infused on juniper fruits, with the addition of various spices and sweet syrup, turns into a cognac drink. Infusion of juniper fruits in oak barrels on alcohol should last at least six months. Author: Reva M.L.
Common Juniper (Veres), Juniperus communis. Recipes for use in traditional medicine and cosmetology
Ethnoscience:
Cosmetology:
Attention! Before use, consult with a specialist!
Common Juniper (Veres), Juniperus communis. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing
Common juniper, also known as heather (Juniperus communis), is a hardy evergreen shrub that can reach a height of up to 2 meters. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing common juniper: Cultivation:
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Common juniper has many health benefits, including diuretic, antiseptic, and anti-inflammatory properties. It is also used in cooking to create aromatic spices and drinks.
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