|
Arabic
Bengali
Chinese
English
French
German
Hebrew
Hindi
Italian
Japanese
Korean
Malay
Polish
Portuguese
Spanish
Turkish
Ukrainian
Vietnamese|
CULTURAL AND WILD PLANTS
Cultural peanut (peanut). Legends, myths, symbolism, description, cultivation, methods of application
Directory / Cultivated and wild plants Content
Cultural peanut (peanut), Arachis hypogaea. Photos of the plant, basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism
Basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism Sort by: Peanuts Family: Legumes (Fabaceae) Origin: South America Area: Peanuts are cultivated in many countries with temperate and hot climates, including the United States, Brazil, Argentina, India, China and Nigeria. Chemical composition: Peanuts are rich in proteins, fatty acids, vitamins B and E, trace elements (potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc), antioxidants and phytonutrients. It also contains resveratrol, a natural antioxidant with anti-inflammatory properties. Economic value: Peanuts are one of the most popular and valuable nuts. It is used in cooking for the preparation of butter, pasta, snacks and desserts, as well as in the production of animal feed. In addition, peanuts can be used in medicine, as their beneficial properties can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, regulate blood sugar and lower cholesterol. Legends, myths, symbolism: In Mexican mythology, the peanut is considered a sacred nut that symbolizes spiritual strength and fertility. In some Native American cultures in North America, peanuts were used as a talisman against evil spirits. In Chinese medicine, peanuts are used to treat diseases of the lungs and skin. In European cooking, peanuts were introduced thanks to the Spanish conquerors who brought them from South America. American culinary traditions are also not without peanuts - they are used in many dishes of southern cuisine, such as fried chicken with peanut sauce or peanut cookies. In symbolism, peanuts are often associated with fertility, abundance and wealth.
Cultural peanut (peanut), Arachis hypogaea. Description, illustrations of the plant Cultural peanut (peanut), Arachis hypogaea L. Botanical description, history of origin, nutritional value, cultivation, use in cooking, medicine, industry
An annual herbaceous plant up to 75 cm high. The stems are numerous, straight or creeping. The leaves are small, light or dark green, shiny above, dull below, pubescent. Flowers of two types: aboveground and underground. Above-ground flowers are located in the axils of the leaves, bright yellow or orange; after fertilization, the base of the ovary begins to grow, forming a long curved rod (gynophore), which penetrates the soil to a depth of 8-10 cm. Underground flowers self-pollinate in closed buds. The development of the ovary and the ripening of fruits occurs in the soil. The fruit is an oblong bean covered with a reticulum. Seeds are rounded or elongated, small or large; seed coat thin, pink or red. Blooms in May-June. Peanuts are native to Brazil and Peru. From there, through the Moluccas and the Philippine Islands along the sea route discovered by Magellan, the peanut culture spread to the countries of Southeast Asia. Peanuts were brought to Africa in the XNUMXth century; it came to Russia only at the end of the XNUMXth century. The first attempts to grow it were made in the Odessa Botanical Garden. Currently, the main peanut plantations are concentrated in India, China, many countries of Africa and Latin America. Peanut is a moisture-, light- and heat-loving plant. Seedlings die already at -1 °C. The soil is carefully prepared; it should be fertile, very loose. Sow when the soil warms up to 14-15 ° C. Crops are kept clean from weeds. The beans are harvested when the tops turn yellow and the fruits are ripe. The seeds contain a large amount of fatty non-drying oil, which includes glycerides of linoleic, arachidic, stearic, palmitic, oleic and other acids, vitamins E, B, carotene; in addition, there are proteins, sugars, fiber, saponins, pangamic acid, lecithin. All essential amino acids are found in peanut proteins, therefore, in terms of nutritional value, it approaches animal products. Peanuts are a highly nutritious, high-calorie product. It is useful as a source of energy. In addition, the use of peanuts prevents the development of atherosclerosis, as it removes cholesterol from the body. Peanuts are effective in the treatment of hemorrhagic diathesis in children. Peanut butter is a valuable raw material for the medical industry; it is a part of ointments, emulsions. Peanuts are eaten both raw and roasted. It is also used in the manufacture of confectionery. Peanut butter, with a pleasant nutty flavor, not inferior in quality to olive oil, is used in the production of high-quality margarine, chocolate, etc. Halva, cheap varieties of chocolate, sweets, as well as flour, which is used to prepare biscuit dough, are made from oil cake after extracting the oil. cakes recommended for diabetic patients. The bean cake, stems and leaves are good food for farm animals (100 kg of peanut straw contains up to 3 kg of digestible protein). Use plant waste peanuts and for the production of paper, pulp. Authors: Kretsu L.G., Domashenko L.G., Sokolov M.D.
Peanut (peanut), Arachis hypogea L. Classification, synonyms, botanical description, nutritional value, cultivation
A field crop cultivated primarily for its oil. However, peanuts also belong to vegetable crops, since their seeds serve as a delicacy (raw and fried). Peanut is a low, herbaceous, annual plant, with a recumbent stem and two-paired pinnate, elliptical, pointed leaves; stipules large, elongated, pointed, fused with petiole. Peduncles axial, single-flowered, 5-10 cm long, upper barren, lower fertile, burrowing into the ground after flowering. Bob indehiscent, 2-4-seed, oval-oblong, swollen towards both ends, often with an interception in the middle, with a thick loose shell, covered along and across with reticulate veins. Bred mainly in the south. Peanut seeds are sown directly in open ground shortly before the last spring frost, when beans are also sown. Sowing is done by band or row with a distance between rows of 25-40 cm. After flowering, it is very important to maintain the soil in a loose state, as this contributes to a better self-burying of the fruiting peduncles into the ground. For the same purpose, peanuts should be hilled. As soon as the plant turns yellow, harvest. Author: Ipatiev A.N.
Peanut, Arachis hypogaea. Methods of application, origin of the plant, range, botanical description, cultivation
Peanuts, or peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L), are cultivated primarily to obtain vegetable edible oil from its seeds. Peanut seeds contain an average of 53% oil. In terms of protein content, peanuts are second only to soy. On average, 1-226 kg of oil is obtained from 317 ton of shelled peanut seeds. It belongs to the group of semi-drying oils (iodine number 90-103), used primarily in canning and confectionery industries. Ground peanut seeds serve as an additive in the manufacture of chocolate. Roasted seeds are eaten, and crushed are added to many confectionery products. Grades for food purposes should not have a bean flavor. Cake and tops (hay) of peanuts are used for animal feed. The tops contain up to 11% protein and are not inferior in nutritional value to alfalfa and clover. The prospect of both leaf and fruit use is reflected in the U.S. cultivation of peanuts as a pasture crop for cattle and pigs. The homeland of peanuts is South America (Argentina and Bolivia), from where it came to India and Japan, the Philippine Islands and Madagascar. The Portuguese brought peanuts to China, who in 1560 founded their colony in Canton. Introduced to Africa in the XNUMXth century. on American slave ships. It is believed that for the first time peanut beans were brought to Guinea from Brazil. Senegal, Nigeria, Congo are considered secondary genetic centers for peanuts. Local residents learned how to extract edible oil from peanut seeds, and the area under its cultivation began to increase rapidly. The first country to cultivate peanuts as an export crop is Senegal. In 1840, 10 bags (722 kg) of peanuts were taken from the Rufisca region to Rouen (France) to be processed into oil. Since that time, regular exports of peanuts from West African countries have been established.
From India and China, peanuts came to Spain, France, Italy, where they received the name "Chinese nut". In the United States, peanuts spread only in the middle of the XNUMXth century. after the Civil War between North and South. Cotton at that time was heavily affected by the cotton weevil, and farmers began to replace cotton with peanut crops. Peanuts were brought to Russia in 1792 from Turkey. The first attempts to acclimatize it were made in 1825 in the Odessa Botanical Garden. Currently, peanuts are sown on small areas in the republics of Central Asia and the Caucasus, in the south of Ukraine and in the North Caucasus. In recent years, the production of peanut beans in the world has been constantly increasing due to the increase in acreage, the use of high-yielding varieties, fertilizers, chemicals, irrigation, and the improvement of harvesting machines. Groundnut crops in the world occupy about 19 million hectares. Leading countries for the production of peanuts: India (approximately 7,2 million hectares), China, Indonesia, Myanmar. The second place in the world production of peanuts belongs to African countries (about 6 million hectares). In the economy of Senegal, Nigeria, Tanzania, Mozambique, Uganda, Niger and a number of other countries, peanuts are of paramount importance. On the American continent, the largest areas are in Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, and the USA. The new taxonomy divides Arachis hypogaea into 2 subspecies. The subspecies A. hypogaea (Arachis asiatica) includes 2 varieties: hypogaea is represented by the Brazilian and Virginia varieties, and hirzuta is represented by the Peruvian variety. The subspecies is characterized by creeping stems, a dormant period of seeds up to 2 years, a vegetation period of 5-10 months. The subspecies A. fastigiata (Arachis americana) also includes 2 varieties: fastigiata - the Valencia variety type and vulgaris - the Spanish variety type. The subspecies is characterized by little and many-branched erect stems, lack of seed dormancy (up to 50 days), a growing season of 3-5 months, in the tropics it can produce 2 crops per year. Despite the fame, the genus Arachis, the legume family (Fabaceae) remains difficult to taxonomy. Early classifications were based on the characteristics of growth, branching and the position of fruiting branches. The variety of peanuts that has arisen as a result of mutations, hybridization and selection is very large. Only in Senegal there are up to 550 varieties of peanuts, in the Congo - 200. A distinctive feature of the genus Arachis is paired leaves, axillary flowers, non-bursting beans and the presence of a fruit stem - gynophora. Wild species are usually perennials, and only A. monticola is an annual species. In general, the genus is characterized by a wide range crossing different soil-climatic zones. Geographically, it lies between 10 and 28° S. sh. The species Arachis hypogaea L. - cultivated peanut - is unknown in the wild. Its range is quite wide, it covers tropical, subtropical countries and certain temperate zones.
Peanuts are one of the few cultivated plants that have geocarpy - the development of fruits in the ground. In peanuts, as a self-pollinator, cross-pollination is insignificant, reaches 1-6% and is possible only due to thrips and other small insects. Flowering starts from below. In symbiosis with peanuts, mushroom mycelium develops on the shell of the fruit, which is transmitted when sowing with beans or parts of the bean. It is noted that it promotes the growth of the bean. Pods are 1-6 cm long, single-chamber, the number of seeds in pods is 1-6 (usually 1-3). The color of the seed coat is red, brown, rarely white or other shades. The lower part of the ovary, after pollination and fertilization, grows and turns into a fruitful gynophore shoot, which first grows upwards, and then changes its direction towards the soil, reaching it and deepening to the wet layer, forming a fruit. Gynophores that have not reached the soil or have not penetrated into it die along with the ovary. As a rule, flowers located at a height of more than 20 cm do not produce fruits. Agricultural practices (fertilizers, stimulants, etc.) that can accelerate the growth rate of gynophora reduce the number of underdeveloped beans and increase yield. Vegetation features. In India, peanuts are grown in one place for 3-4 years. In arid conditions (Tamil Nadu), peanuts in crop rotation alternate with millet, corn, cotton, sesame, in irrigated fields - with rice, potatoes and vegetables. The yield of grain crops after peanuts increases up to 30%, cotton after peanuts increases the yield by up to 45% compared to sowing it after sorghum. In India, many varieties and populations of bush and creeping peanuts are cultivated. In Africa, peanuts grow best between 8 and 14°C. sh., where the soil and climatic conditions are most consistent with its biological characteristics. There are 4 zones in this belt: 1) Sahel zone. Here falls from 150 to 400 mm of precipitation, the average monthly air temperature is 20,9-34 °C. The soils of the zone are usually sandy, without clay particles. The layer of sand reaches several meters. There are also dust-like (contain 3-4% clay), reddish soil, with a pH of 6-7. These soils are the best for peanuts. Soil preparation for sowing peanuts in the Sahel zone begins in mid-March and continues until mid-June. Sowing of peanuts is carried out in mid-June, harvesting - in mid-September and continues until mid-January, when the rain stops. In the Sahel zone, early ripening varieties of peanuts are cultivated; 2) Sudanese zone. Located between 7-8 °C. sh., its width is about 700 km. It occupies a significant part of the territory of Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Mali. The average monthly temperature is 21,3-35,4 °C. The soils are ferralitic (red-brown in color), pH 5,6-6,0, the thickness of the humus horizon is 15-25 cm with a humus content of up to 1%. In the Sudan zone, mid-season varieties are cultivated in small plots; 3) Guinean zone. It includes part of the territory of Senegal, the southern regions of Guinea, Nigeria and a number of other countries. It receives up to 1500 mm of precipitation per year. The average annual temperature is 25-26 °C. Soils are red and yellow ferralitic, rich in humus, pH below 5,0. In this zone, peanuts are cultivated everywhere from early-ripening to late-ripening varieties; 4) Sub-Canarian zone. Includes coastal regions of Senegal and Cape Verde. Precipitation is 400-800 mm per year. The average monthly temperature is 21,3-28,0 °C. The main soils are marshy, saline mangroves. Peanuts in the zone are cultivated only in small areas. In West Africa, cultivated varieties belong to 3 main varieties - Virginia, Valencia, Spanish. Peanuts in West African countries in mixed culture are sown with sorghum, corn, pennisetum and cotton. In pure crops, the following alternation of crops occurs:
The soil for sowing peanuts is cultivated to a depth of 10 cm; they grow peanuts, as a rule, without fertilizers and get a bean yield of 1,2-1,3 t/ha, and when nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium (100-150 kg per 1 ha) are added, the yield increases to 2,3 t/ha. Sowing time is linked to the rainy season (usually in June - early July). The seeding depth is 5-7 cm, on wet soils up to 3 cm, and peeled seeds are always sown on wet soils. The seed sowing rate depends on the variety and is 60-80 kg/ha. Early maturing varieties (Spanish and Valencia) are sown at 160-180 thousand seeds per 1 ha. Late-ripening varieties (Virginia) - 110 thousand seeds each. Seeding scheme 40-50-60x10-12 cm. Care of crops consists in weeding and loosening of row-spacings. Harvesting is manual, 3-4 months after sowing early varieties and 5-6 months after sowing late varieties. There are peanut lifters with different traction (1-2 and 4-row). Drying lasts several weeks, and after drying, the beans are cut off manually or using the simplest devices. The separated beans are finally dried. Authors: Baranov V.D., Ustimenko G.V.
Cultural peanut (peanut). reference Information
An annual plant up to 75 cm high of the legume family. Flowers small, yellow. Flowering begins from below and lasts within the bush for more than two months. After fertilization, the ovary deepens into the soil. Beans 1,5-6 cm long, from one to seven seeds, thick, terete or round-cylindrical. One plant forms in the tropics - up to 700 fruits. The seeds contain 40-60% non-drying oil used in the confectionery, canning industry and in engineering, 22-37% proteins, sugar, fiber (5-6%), purines, saponins, vitamins B, E, pantothenic acid, biotin. Used in dried, fried, salted and candied form. They go into admixture as a substitute for chocolate, cocoa, coffee. Peanut cake contains 9% oil, it is used to make halva. The oil contains glycerides of arachidic, lignoceric, stearic, palmitic, oleic and other acids. It is used to make medicines. There is information about the effective treatment of peanut oil in children suffering from hemorrhagic diathesis. Authors: Dudnichenko L.G., Krivenko V.V.
Why hide peanuts? Featured article
Cotton belt farmers cultivated cotton. Only him. Year after year. He found good sales. But the earth is tired. Less and less fibers were collected. Income dwindled. And there were two dishes left on the farmer's table: corn cakes and molasses, a waste product of sugar production. It is not known how everything would have ended if, by the will of fate, a young and energetic botanist, Professor D. Carver, had not appeared on the land of the southern states. Once he gathered the farmers and warned: a Mexican weevil appeared. It has already occupied several states and is moving here. - Beware, the weevil will eat your plantations too! It's time to change the culture. Sow something else... - What? the farmers asked. "Peanuts," the botanist answered without blinking. There was a friendly laugh. In the minds of farmers, peanuts are fun to nibble on at your leisure. But to replace cotton!.. Carver was silent. But a week later he invited the farmers to dinner. Five dishes were served, prepared by the professor himself. For the first soup. On the second stewed chickens, filled with cream. They are toasted slices of bread and salad. Dinner ended with ice cream. As you probably guessed, all dishes were made with peanuts. Since that memorable day, many farmers have begun to sow the new crop. At first, peanuts did not find a market, and the weak in spirit became disillusioned and returned to cotton. But Carver managed to come up with so many uses for this leguminous plant that he was called to Washington. There he reported to the US Congress about his inventions. The congressmen initially treated the professor with distrust, but at the end of the report they gave the scientist a standing ovation. Peanuts got citizenship rights.
This nondescript bean grass with typical trifoliate leaves surprised not only congressmen, but also biologists. Among the many species of the genus peanuts, only one hides fruits underground. The rest of the beans ripen normally. Overhead. Why are beans underground? Then, that this species grows in the desert, and the rest are inhabitants of the forests. In a damp forest or in a swamp, there is enough moisture. In the desert - to spare. To save it, the plant has to keep the fruits at a certain depth, where evaporation is excluded. And still, even at depth, the beans lack water. Therefore, the water supply network of mushrooms is also connected, their mycelium braids the beans and supplies them with moisture. India provides a third of the world's bean crop. In Africa, Nigeria and Senegal. In recent years, however, peanuts have become involved in a very unpleasant business. It began with the fact that in 1960, turkey poults fell ill in England. Soon 100 birds died. The disease was called "Turkey-X". We went over all the possible reasons. We settled on one. Feed. The poor things were fed on peanut beans. The peanuts were moldy. Each bean was covered, as it were, with a yellow fluff. As if they were smeared in yellow flour. The culprit is Aspergillus yellow fungus. It releases a poison called aflatoxin. The poison causes liver cancer. And the Indians. And in other animals. And people. Peanuts themselves, of course, have nothing to do with it. The trouble is that it is often not grown in the same conditions as at home. There he is a resident of the dry desert. There are often humid tropics here, where everything left unattended becomes moldy very quickly: leather shoes, towels and, of course, a peanut bean piled in a heap. The world produces a lot of peanuts. Almost four kilograms per capita of the planet. Most of all in India, about a third of the world fees. But in which country he plays the first violin - perhaps in Senegal. Tiny Senegal, journalists joke, is almost completely littered with peanut husks. Author: Smirnov A.
Peanut. Legends, the birthplace of the plant, the history of distribution
In the mornings, the inhabitants of the city gathered in the square and eagerly awaited the sunrise. As soon as it appeared, everyone fell on their faces, and the high priest took reddish nuts from the basket and threw them into the fire, exclaiming: "Eat, God the Sun, and reward us, your children!" So the Indians of the Inca tribe, who lived in South America, worshiped their deity - Inti. Peanut seeds served as sacrificial food for him. When the Inca died, the tribesmen considered it their duty to put at least some of these seeds in the grave so that the soul of the deceased would find its way to heaven. Otherwise, according to the beliefs of the Indians, she will not have peace. The ancient Incas were the first people to learn how to grow peanuts. And they were the first to notice that its seeds ripen in a special way. When peanut flowers fade, fruit ovaries form in their place. Every day they sink lower and lower until they finally burrow into the ground. And there, in the "dungeon", they grow beans with reddish seeds. The Indians did not notice such a "miracle" in other plants. And so they decided that peanuts are the most worthy food for an almighty god. But of course, the Incas valued peanuts not only for their unusualness. They knew that few plants could match the nutritional value of peanuts. The Europeans who visited South America also understood this. Among other miracles, they took out peanut seeds from there and began to grow them in warm countries - after all, peanuts are a heat-loving plant and do not ripen everywhere. Perhaps this was not taken into account in Russia, where two hundred years ago they tried to grow peanuts, but without much success. Now oil is obtained from its own peanut, which is used for the production of canned food, margarine and soap. And the ground seeds serve as a filling for sweets, pastries and cakes. But many people prefer to eat peanuts raw or lightly toasted - exactly the same way as the ancient Incas ate them. Author: Osipov N.F.
Cultural peanut (peanut), Arachis hypogaea. Recipes for use in traditional medicine and cosmetology
Ethnoscience:
Cosmetology:
Attention! Before use, consult with a specialist!
Cultural peanut (peanut), Arachis hypogaea. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing
Cultural peanut (peanut) is a plant from the legume family grown as a cultivated plant. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing peanuts: Cultivation:
Workpiece:
Storage:
▪ Common wolfberry (deadly wolfberry, wolf bast) ▪ Play the game "Guess the plant from the picture"
Energy from space for Starship
08.05.2024 New method for creating powerful batteries
08.05.2024 Alcohol content of warm beer
07.05.2024
▪ Serial Electric SUV Smart #1 ▪ Antimicrobial Coating for Orthopedic Implants ▪ UPS Panduit UPS003024024015 without batteries ▪ Axiomtek AIE100-903-FL-NX Compact System
▪ section of the site Wonders of nature. Article selection ▪ article Spinning for the model. Tips for a modeler ▪ article How was the calendar invented? Detailed answer ▪ article Lug belts. Personal transport ▪ article Wind power plant-baby. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews
www.diagram.com.ua |
We recommend interesting articles Section 
See other articles Section 
Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:
All languages of this page