Measles. Medical care for a child

FUNDAMENTALS OF FIRST AID
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Measles. Medical care for a child

Fundamentals of First Aid (OPMP)

The causative agent crust is a virus that is transmitted by airborne droplets. Three conditions are necessary for the spread of the disease, namely: a person with measles (the source of infection), a certain mechanism of transmission of the virus, and an organism susceptible to the disease. Measles rarely affects children under three months of age. They have innate immunity from the mother (provided that women have had measles before or have been vaccinated), which they subsequently lose. The age of those who get measles has changed significantly. Now it affects not only preschool children, but also children from 15 to 18 years old.

In its development, measles has several periods. The first - incubation - lasts from 9 to 17 days, and in cases of using immunoglobulin to prevent illness in children who have been in contact with the patient, it can last up to 21 days. The incubation period is the period of time from infection at the time of contact until the first signs of illness appear. The second - catarrhal - lasts from 3 to 7 days. The third is the appearance of rashes on the mucous membranes, and then on the skin.

Measles causes very serious complications (stenosing laryngotracheitis, pneumonia, meningitis, encephalitis, encephalomyelitis), so it is necessary to make preventive vaccinations against it.

After an illness, the child's immunity drops greatly, so at this time you need to beware of any infectious diseases. It is impossible to get measles again, because everyone who has been ill acquires strong immunity.

Symptoms of the disease

The appearance of high body temperature on the first day, which can drop to 2-3°C on days 37-38.

Decreased appetite, headache, sleep disturbances.

Dry cough, hoarse voice, runny nose - catarrhal period of the disease (no rash yet). These symptoms are getting worse every day.

The characteristic symptoms of the disease are conjunctivitis and scleritis, which are accompanied by photophobia, lacrimation. Sometimes photophobia is so strong that the eyelids of the patient convulsively close. Until the end of the catarrhal period, discharge from the nose and palpebral fissures becomes purulent. All these symptoms resemble acute respiratory viral infections. But the peculiarity of measles in these cases will be the increase in catarrhal manifestations, the cough will become frequent, painful.

The main distinguishing features of measles are the appearance at the end of the catarrhal period on the mucous membrane of the cheeks, lips and gums of rashes that resemble semolina, and small pink-red spots on the soft and hard palate. This is the second period of the disease.

For 4-5 days, rashes usually appear: first on the face, behind the ears, and then over 3-4 days the rash gradually spreads down, covering the neck, trunk, legs. It has the appearance of pink-red spots, which often merge. The temperature rises again to high levels. The fever lasts during the entire period of the spread of the rash, the catarrhal phenomena continue. In the first 2 days from the onset of rashes, characteristic changes in the oral cavity persist. In the future, the mucous membrane of the mouth becomes bright red, the lips are dry and chapped, covered with crusts, and a plaque appears on the tongue. All this contributes to the attachment of a bacterial infection and the development of stomatitis.

Then the rashes begin to darken, acquiring a brown tint. Pigmentation occurs in the same order as the rash appeared (from head to toe), and lasts from one to one and a half weeks. During this period, the temperature normalizes, catarrhal phenomena gradually disappear.

In children of the first year of life in the catarrhal period, the manifestations of conjunctivitis, runny nose, cough are less pronounced or completely absent, and the disease begins with rashes.

In young children, intestinal dysfunction often occurs - frequent stools of a liquid consistency, sometimes with mucus impurities. But the course of measles in infants is more severe, and bacterial complications occur more often, such as pneumonia, otitis, intestinal dysbacteriosis.

When to see a doctor

At the first sign of the disease, call the local pediatrician, who will determine the nature of the disease and the need for hospitalization. Children with measles are usually hospitalized in the first year of life, as well as children with severe measles and complications.

First aid before the arrival of the doctor

1. Provide your child with bed rest and isolate him from other children.

2. To reduce the signs of intoxication, the child is given a lot to drink - tea, juices, compotes, herbal decoctions, mineral table water. The volume of fluid depends on age and is 1,5-2,5 liters per day.

3. Food should be easily digestible, mechanically and chemically sparing, fortified (soups, cereals, mashed potatoes, scrambled eggs, fruits, vegetables, dairy products, fish, minced meat, steam cutlets, meatballs).

4. The mouth should be rinsed after each meal or drink with boiled water, a 2% solution of baking soda (1 teaspoon per glass of water) or a solution of potassium permanganate.

5. Rinse your eyes with warm boiled water, tea leaves, chamomile decoction. Each eye is treated with a separate cotton swab from the outer corner of the eye to the inner. The procedure should be repeated 4-5 times a day.

6. Lubricate dry lips with vaseline oil, baby cream.

7. Clean your nose with a cotton swab dipped in vaseline oil. With a runny nose, solutions of vasoconstrictor drops are instilled into the nose. When coughing, give cough mixtures or other expectorants at age-appropriate doses.

8. Antipyretic drugs (paracetamol, panadol) are given to children at a temperature of 38,5 ° C and above.

9. You can give your child ascorbic acid in a daily dose of 300-500 mg.

Author: Basharova N.A.

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