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OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
Instructions on labor protection for a shipbuilder-repairman. Full Document
Occupational Safety and Health / Standard instructions for labor protection Safe Operation 1. General requirements for labor protection 1.1. The labor safety requirements set forth in this Standard Instruction apply to persons performing the work of a ship hull repairman (hereinafter referred to as a ship hull officer) and combining other professions with the ship hull profession. 1.2. Men who have reached the age of 18, who have been assigned a qualification category, who have passed a medical examination and have been instructed in labor safety, are allowed to work as ship corpsmen. 1.3. Instruction on labor safety and training in safe methods and methods of work are mandatory for all employees and newcomers to work, including those undergoing industrial practice. 1.4. When performing work, a ship hull worker may come into contact with dangerous and harmful production factors:
1.5. A shipbuilder should be aware of possible contact with harmful and dangerous production factors:
1.6. There are 3 classes of conditions and nature of work: Grade 1 - optimal conditions. The adverse impact on human health of dangerous and harmful production factors is excluded. Grade 2 - acceptable conditions. The level of hazardous and harmful production factors does not exceed the established hygienic standards. A slight change in health is possible, which is restored during regulated rest during the working day or by the beginning of the next shift. Grade 3 - dangerous and harmful working conditions. The level of hazardous and harmful production factors exceeds the hygienic standards, which can lead to a persistent decrease in efficiency or to a health disorder. Contact with dangerous and harmful production factors can lead to injuries or to the development of various occupational diseases with damage to the cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous systems, liver, kidneys, etc. 1.7. When performing work, in accordance with the type of hazardous and harmful production factors, a ship hull officer is obliged to use personal protective equipment (overalls, safety shoes and safety devices: glasses, headphones, etc.) with the obligatory observance of personal hygiene rules. Overalls must be clean, serviceable, fastened with all buttons, safety shoes must be laced. Wearing a safety helmet with a fastened chinstrap is mandatory when on board ships, at docks, and on berths. 1.8. When performing the assigned work, a ship hull officer should not leave his workplace without the permission of the foreman or take part in the performance of work not assigned to him. During work it is not allowed to smoke and eat. 1.9. When staying on the territory of the enterprise (ship repair plant), it is prohibited: (01) walk on the carriageway and railroad tracks; (02) to cross railway tracks near a moving train; (03) crawl under the wagons and through the automatic coupler of a standing train; (04) to pass through the area of work of cranes during the production of cargo work. 1.10. While on board, it is prohibited: (01) descend or enter the holds and compartments of the ship without the permission of the master and without informing the officer in charge of the watch; (02) enter unlit holds and other ship spaces; (03) walking on beams, floors and stringers without secure flooring; (04) remove, rearrange fences, signs and other devices that ensure the safety of work; (05) stand or sit on the open holds coamings, bulwarks, railings, bollards, jump from berth to ship and back; (06) work at unprotected or uncovered mouths and openings; (07) to be in the places of ship work for persons not participating in the work; (08) smoking, using open flames, throwing burning and smoldering objects (cigarette butts, etc.) overboard; (09) carry out hot work in enclosed spaces without forced ventilation; (10) move along the ship's ladders without holding on to the rails, go down or up the vertical ladders if the hands are occupied with the tool. The tool must be lowered (raised) at the plant end. Before descending into the hatch, it is necessary to check that its cover is fixed in the open position. 1.11. Along with the requirements of this Instruction, a ship hull officer must comply with: (01) the requirements set out in the tariff and qualification characteristics for the level of theoretical and practical knowledge of an employee of the relevant qualification; (02) the technological process of the work performed; (03) rules for the technical operation of equipment, fixtures, tools with which he works or which he serves; (04) internal labor regulations. 1.12. The shipbuilder must immediately inform the foreman about all noticed malfunctions of equipment and devices. 1.13. When performing manual auxiliary operations, men are allowed to carry a load weighing up to 20 kg. In other cases, the cargo must be moved using mechanisms and devices. 1.14. The workers are allowed to carry out work with the help of lifting machines controlled from the floor and hang the load on the hook of these machines after they have been instructed and tested their skills in operating the machines and blocking the loads. 1.15. A ship corpsman must know the Rules for the provision of first aid in case of accidents (Appendix) and be able to provide it. 1.16. In case of accidents, it is necessary to provide first aid to the victim, call a doctor and report the incident to the foreman or head of the workshop (section), if possible, preserving the situation at the scene for investigation. 1.17. The requirements of the Instruction on labor protection are mandatory for the employee. Failure to comply with these requirements is considered as a violation of labor discipline. 2. Labor protection requirements before starting work 2.1. When performing dangerous, unfamiliar or rarely performed work, a ship hull officer must receive a targeted safety briefing from a foreman. 2.2. When on board a ship under repair, the ship hull officer must familiarize himself with the evacuation scheme from various rooms and compartments in the event of an emergency. 2.3. Before starting work, it is necessary to put work clothes in order, prepare serviceable personal protective equipment, inspect equipment, lifting equipment and tools, determine their serviceability and readiness for execution. 2.4. The work site must be kept clean and tidy. Passages must be free, the floor (deck), floor slabs must be clean and dry. If the floor, deck or flooring is slippery (doused with oil, covered with snow, ice), it is necessary to sprinkle these places with sand, sawdust. 2.5. The surface of the workbench should be upholstered with even iron, the floor covered with grating. Above the workbench, local low-voltage lighting should be equipped. 2.6. It is possible to start working on scaffolding, scaffolding, scaffolding, decking and platforms only with the permission of the master after checking their strength and the presence of a fence. 2.7. A ship hull officer must receive manual, mechanized tools and technological equipment at special points (storerooms) through a responsible person who stores, receives, issues, tests, registers, inspects and monitors the compliance of tools and devices with safety requirements. 2.8. Hand tools and accessories must be in good working order and meet the following requirements: (01) files, rasps, scrapers, hammers and sledgehammers must be firmly set on wooden handles of appropriate dimensions; (02) the heads of hammers and sledgehammers should not be hardened, the surface of the head should be slightly convex; (03) tools for cutting and punching metal (chisels, crosscuts, barbs, notches, etc.) must not have hardening and cracks, the cutting edge must be undamaged, the side edges must be free of sharp edges and burrs, the length of the tool must be at least 150 mm, and when working with sledgehammers, they must have handles with a length of at least 700 mm; (04) wrenches must be undesigned jaws, with a working sliding mechanism and the correct size without the use of gaskets. It is forbidden to use wrenches and other objects to increase the leverage; (05) The cutting tool must be properly sharpened. Shanks and seats of the tool must not be damaged. Saws must be correctly set, free of cracks and other defects; (06) the vise should be well fixed on the workbench, the jaws of the vise and clamps should have a good (unworked) notch; (07) Clamps and manual jacks must have a serviceable thread of the lead screws and the stamp of the quality control department indicating the date of inspection and allowable load; (08) on the hoist and hoists there should be inscriptions about the permissible load capacity and the date of the next test; (09) pneumatic tool air hoses must be undamaged, securely fastened to the fitting, connected to each other using barbed nipples and secured with clamps; (10) electric and pneumatic grinders must have safety covers. 2.9. Portable lamps must be factory-made, with a voltage of not more than 42 V. In closed compartments of ships, damp rooms, as well as in other places dangerous in relation to electric shock, only lamps with a voltage of not more than 12 V should be used. 2.10. Before starting work on the machines, check: (01) serviceability of parts and mechanisms, reliability of attachment of devices (by external inspection); (02) the presence and strength of fastening of fences and protective devices; (03) operation of controls and brakes, idling. 2.11. Sharpening machines can be used if they have serviceable wheels placed in protective covers, transparent screens, hand-holds and are equipped with dust-collecting devices. The gap between the circle and the handpiece should not exceed 3 mm. 2.12. The power tool must have a complete hose cable with a plug, the wire insulation must not be damaged, the wire connection terminals must be securely closed. When working with a power tool with a voltage of more than 36 V, it is necessary to use dielectric gloves, rubber mats (galoshes). The power tool must be checked for a short to ground. 2.13. To carry out hot work on ships, you must have a written permit from the fire department (VOHR). 2.14. To carry a hand tool to the place of work, a special box or bag is used. Carrying tools in pockets is not allowed. The box (bag) with the tool should be lowered into the hold or compartment at the plant end. When working at height, on gratings, grating decks, etc. tools and fasteners should be stored in boxes or bags. 2.15. Tools, fixtures, necessary material and parts for work should be located in a convenient and safe order for use. 3. Labor protection requirements during work 3.1. Safety requirements when working with pneumatic tools 3.1.1. To prevent vibration disease in those working with pneumatic hand tools, it is necessary:
3.1.2. Before connecting the hose to the tool, condensate must be drained from the air line. Blow out the hose with short-term slight pressure with compressed air, having previously connected it to the network. The air jet should only be directed upwards. 3.1.3. Connecting the hose to the mains and to the tool, as well as disconnecting it, can only be done when the valve on the air line is tightly closed. It is necessary to place the hose in such a way that it is impossible for vehicles to run into it and people to pass through it. 3.1.4. Exhaust outlets must be positioned so that exhaust air does not interfere with operation. 3.1.5. The parts processed by pneumatic tools must be tightly laid on special stops, gaskets to exclude the possibility of their movement during operation. 3.1.6. The plug-in tool is knocked out of the drilling machine with a special key in its horizontal position to the side, safe for the worker and others. 3.1.7. When working with a pneumatic chisel, hammer, on pneumatic grinders and drilling machines, it is necessary to use goggles or a face shield, and cleaning the metal surfaces of the vessel from rust, old paint and scale using manual pneumatic machines is allowed only in closed-type goggles and in dust respirator. Protective screens are installed at the places of work with pneumatic tools. 3.1.8. If the air supply is interrupted or if work is interrupted even for a short time, the valve on the air line must be closed and the insertion tool must be removed. 3.1.9. If the tool malfunctions (when air is leaking, the trigger does not work, etc.), you must stop working and hand over the tool for repair. 3.1.10. When working with a pneumatic tool, it is prohibited: (01) direct a jet of air at people, on the floor or equipment, use compressed air to clean (blow off) overalls; (02) to allow spontaneous flight of the working tool during idle strokes; (03) allow kinks, entanglement of the hose, its intersection with cables, electrical cables, acetylene and oxygen hoses; (04) change working tools, perform adjustments and other types of maintenance work in the presence of compressed air in the hose; (05) remove the means of vibration protection and control of the working tool, noise silencer, casing of the working tool; (06) move from one place to another with a working tool; (07) to work in gloves with drilling and other rotating tools; (08) work with a defective tool, as well as independently disassemble, adjust and repair it; (09) using the worker's body weight to put additional stress on the tool. 3.2. Safety requirements when working with power tools 3.2.1. Before issuing to the shipowner, the power tool must be subjected to an external inspection, insulation check and idling. 3.2.2. During operation, the power cable must be protected from damage. Direct contact of the cable with hot, wet and oily surfaces is prohibited. 3.2.3. If the power tool suddenly stops (jamming), it should be immediately turned off. 3.2.4. The operation of the power tool is prohibited under adverse weather conditions (in the rain) and the following malfunctions occur:
3.2.5. At the end of work, the power tool must be handed over to a person responsible for its good condition. 3.3. Safety requirements for working on machines 3.3.1. Work on drilling machines should be carried out using clamps (vices, clamps, conductors or other devices) that prevent the rotation of the workpiece. Work in mittens and gloves is not allowed. Chips should be removed with special hooks, brushes when the machine is turned off and collected in special containers. 3.3.2. While working on a drilling machine, it is prohibited: (01) hold the parts with your hands while the machine is running; (02) install and remove workpieces while the machine is running; (03) lean close to the spindle and cutting tool; (04) use on machine tools with clogged or worn tapers and shanks; (05) stop the machine by pressing the spindle or chuck with your hand, touch the drill until the machine stops completely. 3.3.3. When cutting metal, the following safety requirements must be met: (01) clamping devices during cutting must ensure reliable pressing of the metal and exclude the possibility of its distortion. The safety line should be strengthened in such a way that the place of the cut is visible; (02) sheets and profiled products during their cutting on the shear press must be supported by rollers, a table with rollers, slings from a swivel boom equipped with a hook with a closing mouth; (03) sectioning of section steel and long strips of sheet steel should be done on a shear press using stops on the side of the strip feed. Narrow strips during cutting should be supported at the knife by a metal bar with a fork bent at its end, installed in a transverse position; (04) Removal of cut blanks and trimmings from under the sheet shears and press shears should be carried out with the equipment turned off. 3.3.4. When working on cutting machines, it is prohibited: (01) cut strips of metal whose width is less than the distance from the clamp to the shear blade; (02) hold short sheets and sections with hands, they should be supported with tongs; (03) use bar material hooks to support the sheets, inserted into the drilled holes; (04) cutting special alloy steels; (05) turn on the guillotine if the length of the steel sheet is greater than the length of the knife; (06) cut strips that are not under pressure. 3.3.5. When jamming sheets between the rollers, the latter should be raised. Filling the strips into the rollers should be done with a special fork, and sheets - with the help of a wag. 3.3.6. Loading and removal of heavy parts must be carried out by a crane or an electric hoist on a rotary boom. It is allowed to support the workpieces with a crane during processing only at a distance of at least 1 m from the rollers. 3.3.7. When working on straight bending equipment, it is prohibited: (01) use gaskets with cracks and other defects; (02) winding gaskets while the machine is running; (03) guide and support sheets and profiles with hands; (04) sweep away scale and debris with your hands; (05) touch up the material while the machine is running; (06) stay inside the roller table frame during the operation of the machine and take on the outgoing material; (07) lean on, sit on or stand on the workpiece. 3.3.8. When working on bending machines with a pressure roller device, it is prohibited: (01) increase the pressing force by hanging the load on the main arm; (02) bend small parts. 3.3.9. When working on flange bending machines, it is prohibited:
3.3.10. When working on stamping presses, manual feed is allowed under one of the following conditions:
3.3.11. When stamping products from sheet material, manual feed to the die is allowed only if there is a guide ruler and stops. For long sheets, in addition, roller tables must be used. 3.3.12. During the stamping of products from strip material, manual feed to open-type dies is allowed only if there is a fixed danger zone fence, a table with a guide ruler and rollers or guide brackets. Continuous operation of the press (self-propelled) with manual feeding of blanks to the matrix is prohibited. 3.3.13. The workplace at the presses should be outside the zone of metal particles falling off during cutting, trimming and cutting products. When cutting metal and knocking out rivets, it is necessary to use portable shields, as well as goggles. 3.4. Safety requirements for hot metal working 3.4.1. Heating of sheet and profile steel is carried out in heating furnaces or forges. Local heating of sheets and rolled products is carried out using special gas burners or oil nozzles. The use of firewood, coal for local heating of the metal being processed is prohibited. Work with oil nozzles is allowed provided that the air, oil hoses and their connections are tight, the oil tank, its fittings and devices have been tested and have the appropriate stamps with test dates. 3.4.2. Loading in furnaces and unloading parts from them must be mechanized. In the absence of mechanization, manual loading in furnaces and unloading parts from them should be carried out using special tongs and grippers, the mass, size and shape of which must correspond to the mass and shape of the parts. Throwing parts into the furnace during loading is prohibited. Advancement of parts in the furnace should be carried out with the help of special devices and devices. 3.4.3. Bending of heated sheets should be carried out on metal welded or prefabricated frames, fastened to the plate with clamps or bolts. 3.4.4. When bending parts on a plate, it is necessary to ensure that they are firmly fixed with clamps, wedges and other devices. Bending fixtures should be issued for work after checking their serviceability. After completion of work, the released clamps, tools and fixtures must be removed from their nests on the stove and put away in the proper place. 3.5. Safety requirements for lifting and transport operations 3.5.1. You can start loading and unloading operations after the place of their production is equipped with safety signs. 3.5.2. Persons who have undergone training, have certificates and have been instructed in labor safety are allowed to perform work on slinging loads. When slinging cargo, a ship hull officer must have a slinger's certificate with him. The slinging of cargoes must be carried out in accordance with the approved cargo slinging schemes. These schemes must be posted in the places of production of loading and unloading operations. 3.5.3. Before moving and transporting sections, blocks, loose objects (parts, material, tools), as well as debris, snow, and water must be removed from them. 3.5.4. Before signaling the lifting of the load, the correctness of its slinging and balance must be checked, for which the load must be raised a few centimeters from the ground. 3.5.5. Hull structures (sections, blocks) must be slinged onto paired slings of the same load capacity. All sheets and profiled products with a length of more than 4 m must be slinged with a beam and must be balanced when lifting, with the exception of items that have a special device for slinging. 3.5.6. When transporting sheets of metal and flat objects without holes by cranes, they must be clamped with mechanical paws attached to suspension chains, or captured by other equally reliable devices. The use of simple legs without mechanical clamps for slinging these loads is prohibited. 3.5.7. Transportation and tilting of welded panels should be carried out with the help of shackles fixed in holes or by welded eyelets. 3.5.8. The route of the cargo must be free. During the lifting, transportation and lowering of the load, it is forbidden for all persons, including slingers, to stand, pass and work under the lifted and moved load. 3.5.9. When tilting the sections with cranes, those who observe the condition and position of the section, the approaches to it from all sides should be placed. 3.5.10. Clamps (if the load has holes) or clamps and mechanical paws (if there are no holes) should be used to stack sheets and profiled products in racks and remove them from racks. 3.5.11. It is forbidden to use cargo slings in work in the following cases: (01) if the sling does not have a tag (ring) with a stamped characteristic; (02) if the line is spliced or has knots and pegs; (03) if there are 10% broken wires over a length of 8 diameters; (04) significant corrosion or deformation; (05) if the chain slings have deformations, cracks, poor quality welding, worn links; (06) if the angle between the branches of the general purpose lines coming from the hook exceeds 90°. Damaged slings identified during inspection should be removed from service. 3.5.12. In the course of lifting and transport operations, it is prohibited: (01) move profile and sheet metal with one clamp or two clamps placed in diagonal corners; (02) exceed the rated lifting capacity of hoists and slings; (03) use faulty clamps; (04) to pull the load with the hook of the hoisting mechanism with an oblique tension of the rope or by turning the crane. 3.6. Safety requirements for assembling structures 3.6.1. Assembly of hull structures is allowed only on specially equipped stands in accordance with the requirements of technological documentation. 3.6.2. Hull structures after installation in place must be immediately securely fixed (permanently or temporarily) in a way that excludes the possibility of their displacement and fall. 3.6.3. The fastening of thick sheathing parts should be carried out using mobile and portable devices with electromagnetic, hydraulic or pneumatic clamps. 3.6.4. The screw devices used during assembly work must exclude the possibility of spontaneous unscrewing and must have limit stops. 3.6.5. The tilting of sections and large hull structures should be carried out using special mechanisms and devices (tilters, positioners). 3.6.6. When working with a jack, you must:
When working with an electric jack, a ship hull officer must wear dielectric gloves and know the order and place of its connection. 3.6.7. To prevent slipping of the legs or heads of the jack, it is necessary to lay a wooden gasket between its heads and the metal surface of the lifted equipment. The base of the jack should rest with spikes against a wooden gasket. In this case, directed loads not along the axis of the head and the jack rod are not allowed. 3.6.8. When working with a jack, it is prohibited: (01) place jacks on slippery and uneven surfaces; (02) use jacks in the absence of a plane perpendicular to the direction of the working force for their support; (03) use electric jacks in rooms with an increased risk of electric shock; (04) place bricks, round and random wooden spacers under the jack; (05) operate if oil seeps between the body and the jack piston at full load; (06) work with a hydraulic jack if the jack sinks when lifting the load or if its piston seizes; (07) stand against the safety plug of the hydraulic jack; (08) use the jack for operations with loads exceeding the load capacity specified for the jack; (09) leave the load raised on jacks without lining it with stable wooden cages or beams during breaks in work; (10) install and adjust chocks, wedges and other devices and devices under the load as it is being lowered. All additional work related to the preparation of the installation site must be carried out when the load is at a safe distance from the place of work. 3.6.9. In the production of assembly and lifting and transport works, it is prohibited: (01) carry out assembly work in driveways and aisles; (02) proceed with assembly, tacking, welding and other work until the sections or parts of the hull are securely fastened, work on sections and parts of the hull supported by cranes for stability. 3.7. Safety requirements when performing work at repaired facilities 3.7.1. When opening hatches and necks, it is necessary to install guards with warning signs: "THE PASSAGE IS DANGEROUS". At the time of termination of repair work or when the worker leaves, hatches and necks must be closed. 3.7.2. Descent and work in closed, closed, hard-to-reach and poorly ventilated rooms (double bottom, vibrator enclosures, log shaft, tanks, etc.) are allowed under the direct supervision of the foreman after preliminary ventilation and instrumental measurement of the air composition. One person should not enter such a room unless he is observed by a second person who is outside this room (at the entrance to it). The incoming must put on a helmet, a safety belt with straps and a safety rope, the second end of which must be in the hands of the insurer outside the premises. 3.7.3. In the event of a sudden stoppage of the ventilation system, all work must be immediately stopped, and people must urgently leave the room. 3.7.4. Work can be resumed only after the restoration of the ventilation system, the analysis of the air environment and the reduction of the content of harmful and dangerous substances to the values established by sanitary standards. 3.7.5. Removable parts of the body, equipment, devices must be temporarily fixed so that during dismantling they cannot spontaneously fall or move. 3.7.6. Portable hearths for heating rivets should be installed in agreement with the fire brigade in those areas of the ship that are well ventilated and where the possibility of accumulation of combustion products is excluded. Portable forges installed in open areas must be protected from the effects of wind. Forges mounted on wooden decks must have metal pallets. 3.7.7. When working on scaffolding and reshtovanie it is not allowed:
It is possible to start working on scaffolding and sheds only after checking their strength, the presence of a fence and the permission of the master. 3.7.8. To perform work at a height of 1,5 m and above, if it is impossible to install floorings with fencing of workplaces, workers must use helmets and safety belts, without which they are not allowed to work. 3.7.9. Safety belts and safety ropes must be inspected by the foreman together with the worker before starting work. Only belts and ropes that have a passport, have passed the next test and are in good condition are allowed to be used. After climbing to a height, you need to secure yourself with a carabiner or a safety rope for solid structures. 3.7.10. The lifting of materials and tools to a height must be carried out mechanically or, in some cases, manually using a rope. It is forbidden to lift tools and materials on the scaffolding and decking when climbing a ladder. 3.7.11. The work on carrying out tests for the tightness of compartments of the vessel, boilers, tanks can only be started after the work manager makes sure that there are no people in them. The necks must be closed in the presence of the master who checked the boiler, capacity. Construction debris and industrial waste must be removed from structures subject to impermeability and tightness tests, scaffolding and scaffolding must be removed, and temporary communications (ventilation systems, electrical wiring, etc.) must be dismantled. The test area must be fenced off and warning signs posted. The presence of unauthorized persons in the test area is prohibited. 3.7.12. Before starting work in the boiler furnace, close the register in the chimney or, in case of decommissioning all boilers, put a cover on the chimney to prevent drafts. It is allowed to work in the boiler furnace at a temperature not exceeding 35°C. At a higher temperature, but not higher than 50°C, in exceptional cases it is only allowed to inspect the boiler, the residence time in it should not exceed 15 minutes. 3.7.13. Work inside the steam boiler should be under the constant supervision of an observer outside the boiler. 3.7.14. Cleaning and repair of boilers should be carried out with open manholes and necks. At the same time, workers working inside the boiler must rest every hour outside the boiler for 10 - 15 minutes. 3.7.15. When performing work on repaired facilities, it is prohibited: (01) to remove rivets in the joints of shell plating, watertight bulkheads, decks without special permission from the foreman and ship's administration; (02) to eliminate the detected defects on the tested products under pressure, their tapping and heating; (03) work together with a gas-electric welder without personal protective equipment (glasses, overalls, gloves, respirator, etc.); (04) carry out hot work without written permission from the fire department; (05) touch live parts of the equipment, open and repair power tools and electrical equipment. 4. Labor protection requirements in emergency situations 4.1. When the carbon dioxide fire extinguishing system is activated in the ship's spaces (when sound and light signals are turned on), all persons must immediately leave these spaces. 4.2. In all cases of detecting a fire or its signs (smoke, smell of burning), damage to technical equipment or other danger, the hull officer must immediately report to the master and leave the danger zone. 4.3. If the lighting suddenly turns off, you must wait for it to turn on. It is dangerous to move around in unlit areas of the vessel. 4.4. In case of ignition of combustible substances, it is necessary to use a fire extinguisher, sand, earth or cover the fire with a tarpaulin or felt. It is forbidden to pour water on burning fuel and non-disconnected electrical equipment. 4.5. If you find the slightest signs of poisoning or irritation of the skin, mucous membranes of the eyes and upper respiratory tract, you must immediately stop work, inform the master and contact the first-aid post. 5. Labor protection requirements at the end of work 5.1. Upon completion of work, the ship hull officer must: (01) remove tools, inventory, work materials and personal protective equipment. Inspect your workplace and check for any uncollected welding wires, gas hoses, temporary lighting wires, portable lights, fixtures, materials, loose parts, etc.; (02) close all hatches, openings, clean the workplace, where possible - remove temporary fences and safety signs; (03) ensure that none of the workers are accidentally left in the ship's premises; (04) put overalls and safety shoes in a personal closet for overalls, in case of contamination of overalls, hand it over for washing (replace); (05) wash hands and face with warm soapy water or take a shower. Application (required). Rules for the provision of first aid to victims 1. General provisions 1.1. First aid is the simplest measures necessary to preserve the health and save the life of a person who has suffered a sudden illness or injury. The rescue of the victim in most cases depends on how quickly and correctly the first aid will be provided. 1.2. The essence of first aid is to stop the impact of traumatic factors, to carry out the simplest medical measures and to ensure the speedy transportation of the victim to a medical institution. 1.3. For the correct setting of first aid work, the following conditions must be met: (01) in each work shift, special persons should be assigned responsible for the condition and systematic replenishment of first aid supplies and devices stored in first aid kits; (02) in each work shift, people capable of providing first aid should be identified and trained; (03) care provided by a non-specialist should only be care provided before a doctor, and not instead of a doctor, and should include the following: temporary control of bleeding, dressing of a wound (burn), immobilization (immovable fixation) for severe injuries, resuscitation measures ( artificial respiration, closed heart massage), the issuance of painkillers and other drugs for well-known diseases, the transfer and transportation of victims; (04) the first aid kit must contain all the necessary medical equipment (according to the packaging manual) for first aid. 1.4. Signs of life and death of a person. 1.4.1. Signs of life: (01) heartbeat; the assisting person determines with his hand or by putting his ear (by ear) below the left nipple of the victim's chest; (02) the pulse is determined on the inside of the forearm, on the neck; (03) the presence of breathing is established by the movements of the chest, by moistening the mirror attached to the nose of the victim, or by the movement of cotton brought to the nasal openings; (04) pupil reaction to light. When a beam of light is directed, a sharp narrowing of the pupil occurs. Signs of life are unmistakable proof that immediate assistance can still save a person. 1.4.2. Signs of death. (01) Human death consists of two phases: clinical and biological. Clinical death lasts 5 - 7 minutes. A person does not breathe, there is no heartbeat, but there are still no irreversible changes in the tissues of the body. During this period, the body can still be revived. After 8 - 10 minutes, biological death occurs. In this phase, it is no longer possible to save the victim's life (due to irreversible changes in vital organs: the brain, heart, lungs). (02) Distinguish between doubtful signs of death and obvious cadaveric signs. Doubtful signs of death: the victim is not breathing; heartbeat is not determined; there is no reaction to a needle prick of a skin area; the reaction of the pupils to strong light is negative (the pupil does not narrow). Explicit cadaveric signs: clouding of the cornea and its drying; when squeezing the eye from the sides with fingers, the pupil narrows and resembles a cat's eye; rigor mortis (starts from the head 1 to 4 hours after death); body cooling; cadaveric spots (resulting from the flow of blood into the lower parts of the body). 2. Methods of resuscitation (revival) of victims of clinical death 2.1. Carrying out artificial respiration by the mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose method. 2.1.1. Artificial respiration should be performed if the victim does not breathe or breathes with difficulty (rarely, convulsively) or if breathing gradually worsens regardless of the causes (electric shock, poisoning, drowning, etc.). 2.1.2. You should not continue to do artificial respiration after the appearance of independent. 2.1.3. When starting artificial respiration, the caregiver must: (01) if possible, lay the casualty on their back; (02) release the victim from clothing restricting breathing (remove the scarf, unfasten the collar, trouser belt, etc.); (03) free the victim's mouth from foreign objects; (04) with the mouth tightly closed, open it, push the lower jaw forward, doing this so that the lower teeth are in front of the upper ones (as shown in the figure - not shown). If it is not possible to open the mouth in this way, then carefully insert a board, a metal plate or a spoon handle, etc. between the back molars (at the corner of the mouth). and unclench your teeth; (05) stand to the side of the victim's head, put one hand under the neck, and with the palm of the other hand press on the forehead, tilting the head back as much as possible; (06) lean towards the victim's face, take a deep breath with an open mouth, completely tightly cover the victim's open mouth with his lips and exhale vigorously (at the same time covering the victim's nose with his cheek or fingers). Air can be blown through gauze, a scarf, a special device "air duct", etc. With tightly clenched jaws of the victim, it is necessary to take measures in accordance with paragraph 2.1.3, subparagraph (04), because artificial respiration by the mouth-to-nose method is carried out with the victim's mouth open; (07) in the absence of spontaneous breathing and the presence of a pulse, artificial respiration can be performed in the "sitting" or "vertical" position (on a support, on a mast, etc.); (08) observe the second interval between artificial breaths (the time of each breath of air is 1,5 - 2 s); (09) after restoration of spontaneous breathing in the victim (visually determined by the expansion of the chest), stop artificial respiration and put the victim in a stable lateral position (turning of the head, torso and shoulders is carried out simultaneously). 2.2. External cardiac massage. 2.2.1. External cardiac massage is performed during cardiac arrest, characterized by: (01) pallor or cyanosis of the skin; (02) absence of a pulse in the carotid arteries; (03) loss of consciousness; (04) cessation or disturbance of breathing (convulsive breaths). 2.2.2. Conductive external heart massage is required to: (01) lay the victim on a flat, hard base (floor, bench, etc.); (02) position yourself at the side of the victim and (if one person is assisting) make two quick, vigorous blows in the mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose manner; (03) put the palm of one hand (usually the left) on the lower half of the sternum (stepping back 3 transverse fingers above its lower edge). Put the palm of the second hand on top of the first. The fingers of the hands do not touch the surface of the body of the victim; (04) press with quick jerks (arms are straightened at the elbow joints) on the sternum, shifting it strictly vertically down by 4-5 cm, with a pressure duration of no more than 0,5 seconds. and with an interval of pressing no more than 0,5 s; (05) for every 2 deep breaths, perform 15 chest compressions (with one person assisting); (06) with the participation of two people in resuscitation, carry out the "breathing-massage" ratio as 1:5 (ie, after deep inhalation, carry out five pressures on the chest); (07) when performing resuscitation by one person every 2 minutes, interrupt the heart massage for 2 - 3 seconds and check the pulse on the victim's carotid artery; (08) when a pulse appears, stop external cardiac massage and continue artificial respiration until spontaneous breathing appears. 3. First aid for injury 3.1. A wound is a damage to the integrity of the skin, mucous membrane or organ. 3.2. The first aid provider must remember that: (01) help should be provided with cleanly washed hands with soap or, if this cannot be done, lubricate the fingers with iodine tincture. Touching the wound itself, even with washed hands, is prohibited; (02) Do not wash the wound with water or medicines, fill it with iodine or alcohol, cover with powder, cover with ointments, put cotton wool directly on the wound. All of the above can interfere with wound healing, bringing dirt from the surface of the skin, thereby causing its subsequent suppuration; (03) do not remove blood clots, foreign bodies from the wound (because this can cause bleeding); (04) in no case should any tissues or organs protruding outwards be pressed into the inside of the wound - they must be covered from above with clean gauze; (05) do not wrap the wound with insulating tape; (06) with extensive wounds of the limbs, they must be immobilized (fixed motionless). 3.3. To provide first aid for injuries, you must: (01) open the individual package in the first aid kit (bag) (according to the instruction printed on its wrapper); (02) apply a sterile dressing to the wound (without touching the part of the dressing that is applied directly to the wound) and secure it with a bandage; (03) in the absence of an individual dressing bag, use a clean handkerchief, a clean cloth, etc.; (04) in the presence of disinfectants (iodine tincture, alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, gasoline), it is necessary to treat the edges of the wound with them; (05) give the victim painkillers. 3.4. If the wound is contaminated with earth, it is necessary to urgently consult a doctor (for the introduction of tetanus toxoid). 3.5. In case of moderate and severe injuries, it is necessary to deliver the victim to a first-aid post or medical institution. 3.6. In case of penetrating wounds of the chest cavity, it is necessary to transport the victims on a stretcher in the "lying" position with the head part raised or in the "semi-sitting" position. 3.7. With penetrating wounds of the abdomen, it is necessary to transport the victim on a stretcher in the "lying" position. 4. First aid for bleeding 4.1. Bleeding is the outflow of blood from a vessel as a result of an injury or complication of certain diseases. 4.2. There are the following types of bleeding: (01) capillary - occurs with superficial wounds, blood oozes in tiny droplets. To stop bleeding, it is enough to press a gauze swab to the wounded area or apply a slightly pressure sterile bandage; (02) venous - blood is dark red, flows out in an even stream; (03) arterial - blood of a scarlet color, is thrown upwards by a pulsating jet (fountain); (04) mixed - occurs when both veins and arteries bleed in the wound. This is observed with deep wounds. 4.3. When a vein is injured on a limb, the latter must be lifted up and then a pressure sterile bandage applied. If it is impossible to stop the bleeding with the above method, you should squeeze the blood vessels below the wound site with your finger, apply a tourniquet, bend the limb in the joint or use a twist. 4.4. Arterial bleeding can be stopped, just like venous bleeding. In case of bleeding from a large artery (with insufficient application of a pressure bandage), it is necessary to apply a tourniquet above the site of bleeding. 4.5. After applying a tourniquet or twist, you must write a note indicating the time of their application and put it in a bandage (under a bandage or tourniquet). 4.6. Keep the applied tourniquet for more than 1,5 - 2,0 hours. is not allowed, because this can lead to necrosis of the bloodless limb. 4.7. If pain occurs from the imposition of a tourniquet, it is necessary for 10-15 minutes. take off. To do this, before removing the tourniquet, they press the artery through which blood flows to the wound with a finger; dissolve the tourniquet should be slow; after 10 - 15 minutes, the tourniquet is applied again. 4.8. After 1 hour, even if the victim can endure the pain from the tourniquet, it should still be removed for 10-15 minutes. 4.9. In case of moderate and severe venous and arterial bleeding, the victims must be taken to a first-aid post or any medical institution. 4.10. In case of nosebleeds, the victim should be seated, put a cold lotion on the bridge of the nose, squeeze the nostrils with your fingers for 4-5 minutes. If the bleeding does not stop, it is necessary to carefully insert a dense gauze or cotton swab moistened with a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution into the bleeding nostril, leaving the end of the gauze strip (cotton) outside, for which after 2,0 - 2,5 hours you can remove the swab. If it is impossible to stop the bleeding of the victim, it is necessary to deliver to the first-aid post (in the "sitting" position) or call the medical staff to him. 4.11. First aid for mixed bleeding includes all of the above activities: rest, cold, pressure bandage (tourniquet). 5. First aid for burns 5.1. Burns are: (01) thermal - caused by fire, steam, hot objects, sunlight, quartz, etc.; (02) chemical - caused by the action of acids and alkalis; (03) electrical - caused by the action of an electric current. 5.2. According to the severity of burns are divided into: (01) 1st degree burns - characterized by redness and swelling of the skin; (02) 2nd degree burns - blisters form on the skin; (03) 3rd degree burns - characterized by the formation of scabs on the skin as a result of necrosis of the superficial and deep layers of the skin; (04) 4th degree burns - charring of skin tissues occurs, damage to muscles, tendons and bones. 5.3. Providing first aid to victims of thermal and electrical burns must: (01) remove the victim from the zone of the heat source; (02) extinguish burning parts of clothing (throw any cloth, blanket, etc., or smother the flame with water); (03) give the victim painkillers; (04) put a sterile dressing on the burned areas, in case of extensive burns, cover the burn surface with clean gauze or an ironed sheet; (05) for eye burns, apply cold soaks from a solution of boric acid (1/2 teaspoon of acid to a glass of water); (06) deliver the victim to the first-aid post. 5.4. The person providing first aid for chemical burns must: (01) if solid particles of chemicals come into contact with the affected areas of the body, remove them with a swab or cotton; (02) immediately flush the affected area with plenty of clean cold water (for 10 to 15 minutes); (03) in case of skin burns with acid, make lotions (bandage) with a solution of baking soda (1 teaspoon of soda per glass of water); (04) in case of skin burns with alkali, make a lotion (bandage) with a solution of boric acid (1 teaspoon per glass of water) or with a weak solution of acetic acid (1 teaspoon of table vinegar per glass of water); (05) if liquid or acid vapor gets into the eyes or mouth, rinse them with plenty of water and then with a solution of baking soda (1/2 teaspoon per glass of water); (06) if splashes or vapors of alkali get into the eyes or mouth, rinse the affected areas with plenty of water and then with a solution of boric acid (1/2 teaspoon per glass of water); (07) if acid or alkali enters the esophagus, give no more than 3 glasses of water to drink, lay down and cover the victim warmly; (08) in severe cases, take the victim to a medical center or any medical institution. 5.5. It is forbidden: (01) touching burned areas of the body with hands; (02) lubricate with ointments or sprinkle powders on burned areas of the skin and mucous surfaces; (03) burst bubbles; (04) remove various substances adhering to the burnt place (mastic, rosin, resins, etc.); (05) to tear off clothes and shoes from the burned area. 6. First aid for general hypothermia and frostbite 6.1. Frostbite is tissue damage caused by exposure to low temperatures. 6.2. With mild frostbite (blanching and redness of the skin, up to loss of sensitivity), the first aid provider must: (01) move the casualty to a warm room as soon as possible; (02) give the victim hot tea, coffee, hot food; (03) put the frostbitten limb in a warm bath (basin, bucket) at a temperature of 20°C, bringing it to the temperature for 20 - 30 minutes. up to 40°C (in case of contamination, wash the limb with soap). 6.3. With a slight frostbite of limited areas of the body, the latter can be warmed with the help of the warmth of the hands of the first aid provider. 6.4. In case of severe frostbite (appearance of blisters on the skin, necrosis of soft tissues), the caregiver must: (01) urgently transfer the victim to a warm room; (02) treat the skin around the blisters with alcohol (without piercing them); (03) put a sterile dressing on the frostbitten part; (04) give the victim hot tea, coffee; (05) apply general body warming (warm wraps, heating pads, etc.); (06) transport the victim to a first-aid post or medical facility. 6.5. It is forbidden to rub frostbitten parts of the body with snow, alcohol, apply a hot heating pad. 7. First aid to the victim from the action of electric current 7.1. The first aid provider must: (01) release the victim from the action of electric current, observing the necessary precautions (when separating the victim from live parts and wires, it is imperative to use dry clothes or dry objects that do not conduct electric current); (02) within 1 min. assess the general condition of the victim (determination of consciousness, color of skin and mucous membranes, breathing, pulse, pupil reaction); (03) in the absence of consciousness, lay the victim down, unbutton the clothes, create an influx of fresh air, bring a cotton swab moistened with a solution of ammonia to the nose, carry out general warming; (04) if necessary (very slow and spasmodic breathing, weak pulse) start artificial respiration; (05) carry out resuscitation (revitalization) measures until the function of vital organs is restored or until obvious signs of death appear; (06) if the victim vomits, turn his head and shoulders to the side to remove the vomit; (07) after resuscitation, provide the victim with complete rest and call the medical staff; (08) if necessary, transport the victim on a stretcher in the prone position. 8. First aid for injuries: fractures, dislocations, bruises, sprains 8.1. Violent damage to the body, caused by external influences, resulting in impaired health, is called trauma. 8.2. Seriously injured persons must not be carried until a doctor or other qualified person has arrived, unless they must be removed from a hazardous area. 8.3. A fracture is a break in the integrity of a bone. 8.4. Fractures are characterized by: (01) sharp pain (worse when trying to change position); (02) bone deformity (due to displacement of bone fragments); (03) swelling of the fracture site. 8.5. There are open (violation of the skin) and closed (the skin is not broken) fractures. 8.6. The caregiver for fractures (dislocations) should: (01) give the victim painkillers; (02) with an open fracture - stop bleeding, treat the wound, apply a bandage; (03) provide immobilization (creation of rest) of the broken bone with standard splints or available materials (plywood, boards, sticks, etc.); (04) in case of a fracture of a limb, apply splints, fixing at least two joints - one above, the other below the fracture site (the center of the splint should be at the fracture site); (05) in case of fractures (dislocations) of the shoulder or forearm, fix the injured arm in the physiological position (bent at the elbow joint at an angle of 90°) by placing a dense ball of cotton wool or a bandage in the palm, hanging the arm to the neck on a kerchief (bandage); (06) in case of fracture (dislocation) of the bones of the hand and fingers to a wide splint (the width of the palm and a length from the middle of the forearm to the fingertips), bandage the hand by putting a ball of cotton wool or bandage into the palm, hang the hand to the neck with a scarf (bandage ); (07) in case of a fracture (dislocation) of the femur, apply an external splint from the armpit to the heel, and an internal splint from the perineum to the heel (if possible, without lifting the limb). Transport the victim on a stretcher; (08) in case of fracture (dislocation) of the bones of the lower leg, fix the knee and ankle joints of the affected limb. Transport the victim on a stretcher; (09) in case of a fracture (dislocation) of the collarbone, put a small piece of cotton wool into the armpit (on the side of the injury) and bandage the arm bent at a right angle to the body; (10) in case of damage to the spine, carefully, without lifting the victim, slip a wide board, thick plywood, etc. under his back. or turn the victim face down without bending the torso. Transportation only on a stretcher; (11) for broken ribs, bandage the chest tightly or pull it off with a towel while exhaling; (12) in case of a fracture of the pelvic bones, slip a wide board under the back, put the victim in the “frog” position (bend the legs at the knees and spread them apart, and move the feet together, put a roller of clothes under the knees). Transport the victim only on a stretcher; (13) apply "cold" to the fracture site (rubber ice pack, cold water bottle, cold packs, etc.) to reduce pain. 8.7. Any attempts to independently compare bone fragments or reduce dislocations are prohibited. 8.8. In case of a head injury (may be observed: headache, loss of consciousness, nausea, vomiting, bleeding from the ears), it is necessary: (01) lay the casualty on his back; (02) fix the head on both sides with soft rollers and apply a tight bandage; (03) if there is a wound, apply a sterile dressing; (04) put "cold"; (05) provide peace; (06) when vomiting (unconscious), turn the victim's head to the side. 8.9. With bruises (characterized by pain and swelling at the site of the bruise), it is necessary: (01) apply cold to the injury site; (02) apply a tight bandage; (03) create peace. 8.10. When stretching ligaments, you must: (01) fix the injured limb with bandages, splints, improvised materials, etc.; (02) provide rest to the injured limb; (03) apply "cold" to the injury site. 8.11. When squeezing the victim with a weight, it is necessary: (01) free him from gravity; (02) provide assistance depending on the damage. 9. First aid for shock 9.1. Shock (insensibility) - the state of the body as a result of impaired circulation, respiration and metabolism. This is a serious reaction of the body to injury, representing a great danger to human life. 9.2. The signs of shock are: (01) pallor of the skin; (02) clouding (up to loss) of consciousness; (03) cold sweat; (04) dilated pupils; (05) acceleration of breathing and pulse; (06) drop in blood pressure; (07) in severe cases, there may be vomiting, ashy complexion, cyanosis of the skin, involuntary feces and urination. 9.3. The first aid provider must: (01) provide the necessary assistance, corresponding to the type of injury (stop bleeding, immobilize the fracture site, etc.); (02) wrap the victim in a blanket, laying him horizontally with his head slightly lowered; (03) when thirsty (excluding abdominal injuries), give the victim some water to drink; (04) call for qualified medical assistance immediately; (05) transport the casualty on a stretcher to the hospital with extreme care. 10. First aid in case of foreign bodies entering human organs and tissues 10.1. If a foreign body enters the respiratory throat, it is necessary: (01) ask the victim to make several sharp coughing shocks; (02) inflict 3-5 short blows with a brush on the interscapular region with the head tilted down or in the prone position; (03) grasp the victim from behind, clasping the hands between the xiphoid process of the sternum and the navel and apply 3 to 5 quick pressures on the victim's abdomen. 10.2. If a foreign body (mote) gets into the eye, it is necessary to rinse the eye with a stream of water (from a glass using cotton wool or gauze), directing the latter from the corner of the eye (temple) to the inner corner of the eye (toward the nose). 10.2.1. Do not rub your eyes. 10.2.2. In case of severe injuries, it is necessary to put a sterile bandage on the eye and urgently deliver the victim to a first-aid post or medical institution. 10.3. If foreign bodies get into soft tissues (under the skin, nails, etc.), it is necessary: (01) remove the foreign body (if there is confidence that this can be done); (02) treat the injection site of the foreign body with iodine solution; (03) apply a sterile dressing. 11. First aid for poisoning 11.1. In case of gas poisoning (acetylene, carbon monoxide, gasoline vapors, etc.), the victims feel: headache, "knocking in the temples", "ringing in the ears", general weakness, dizziness, drowsiness; in severe cases, there may be an excited state, respiratory failure, dilated pupils. 11.1.1. The caregiver must: (01) withdraw or remove the victim from the gassed area; (02) unfasten clothing and let in fresh air; (03) lay the victim down with legs raised (in case of carbon monoxide poisoning, strictly horizontally); (04) cover the victim with a blanket, clothing, etc.; (05) bring a cotton swab moistened with a solution of ammonia to the nose of the victim; (06) give plenty of liquid to drink; (07) when breathing stops, begin artificial respiration; (08) urgently call for qualified medical assistance. 11.2. In case of chlorine poisoning, it is necessary: (01) rinse eyes, nose and mouth with a solution of baking soda (1/2 teaspoon per glass of water); (02) give the victim sips of warm water; (03) send the victim to the first-aid post. 11.3. In case of poisoning with spoiled foods (headaches, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, general weakness may occur), it is necessary: (01) give the victim 3 to 4 glasses of water or a pink solution of potassium permanganate to drink, followed by induction of vomiting; (02) repeat washing 2-3 times; (03) give the victim activated charcoal (tablets); (04) give the victim warm tea to drink; (05) lay down and cover the casualty warmly; (06) in case of respiratory failure and cardiac arrest, start artificial respiration and external heart massage; (07) deliver the victim to the first-aid post. 11.4. First aid for poisoning with caustic substances. 11.4.1. In case of poisoning with strong acids (sulfuric, hydrochloric, acetic) and strong alkalis (caustic soda, caustic potassium, ammonia), burns of the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and sometimes the stomach occur. 11.4.2. Signs of poisoning are: severe pain in the mouth, pharynx, stomach and intestines, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, general weakness (up to fainting). 11.4.3. In case of acid poisoning, you must: (01) give the victim inside every 5 minutes a tablespoon of soda solution (2 teaspoons per glass of water) or 10 drops of ammonia diluted in water; (02) give the victim milk or egg whites shaken in water to drink; (03) if breathing is disturbed, give artificial respiration; (04) deliver the victim to the first-aid post. 11.4.4. In case of poisoning with strong caustic alkali, the victim must: (01) to drink little by little cold water acidified with acetic or citric acid (2 tablespoons of 3% vinegar solution per glass of water); (02) give inside vegetable oil or egg white shaken with water; (03) apply mustard plaster to the epigastric region; (04) deliver the victim to the first-aid post. 12. First aid for fainting, heat and sunstroke 12.1. Fainting is a sudden, short-term loss of consciousness (from a few seconds to a few minutes). 12.1.1. Fainting can occur as a result of: fright, severe pain, bleeding, a sharp change in body position (from horizontal to vertical, etc.). 12.1.2. With fainting, the victim is observed: profuse sweat, cold extremities, weak and frequent pulse, weakened breathing, pallor of the skin. 12.1.3. When providing first aid for fainting, you must: (01) lay the victim on his back, lower his head, raise his legs; (02) unfasten clothing and let in fresh air; (03) wet face with cold water; (04) bring a cotton swab moistened with a solution of ammonia to the nose; (05) lightly pat on the cheeks; (06) after removing the victim from fainting, give the victim strong tea, coffee; (07) in case of repeated fainting, call for qualified medical assistance; (08) transport the casualty on a stretcher. 12.2. Heat stroke and sunstroke occur as a result of a significant overheating of the body and, as a result, a significant rush of blood to the brain. 12.2.1. Overheating is facilitated by: elevated ambient temperature, high humidity, waterproof (rubber, tarpaulin) clothing, hard physical work, violation of the drinking regime, etc. 12.2.2. Heat and sunstroke are characterized by: general weakness, feeling hot, redness of the skin, profuse sweating, palpitations (pulse rate 100-120 beats per minute), dizziness, headache, nausea (sometimes vomiting), fever up to 38-40 °C. In severe cases, confusion or complete loss of consciousness, delirium, muscle cramps, respiratory and circulatory disorders are possible. 12.2.3. For heat and sunstroke, you need to: (01) immediately move the casualty to a cool room; (02) lay the victim on his back with a pillow under his head (clothing, etc.); (03) remove or unfasten clothing; (04) moisten the head and chest with cold water; (05) put cold packs or ice on the head (forehead, parietal region, occiput), inguinal, subclavian, popliteal, axillary regions (places of concentration of many vessels); (06) while remaining conscious, give strong cold tea or cold salted water to drink; (07) in case of respiratory and circulatory disorders, carry out the full range of resuscitation measures (artificial respiration and external heart massage). 13. First aid for pain and convulsive conditions 13.1. For pain in the heart area, helping the victim, you must: (01) create complete peace; (02) lay the patient down and raise his head; (03) give (under the tongue) a tablet of validol, nitroglycerin, sedatives; (04) urgently call for qualified medical assistance; (05) if pain persists, carry out transportation on a stretcher. 13.2. For abdominal pain not related to eating or drinking, the first aid provider should: (01) lay the victim horizontally; (02) put "cold" on the abdomen; (03) exclude: physical activity, taking fluids, food by the victim; (04) urgently call for qualified medical assistance; (05) in case of severe pain, transport the victim to the first-aid post or medical institution on a stretcher. 13.3. In a seizure (may be accompanied by loss of consciousness, foam on the lips, wheezing, involuntary urination), the first aid provider should: (01) support the patient's head; (02) insert a bandage, spoon, etc. into the oral cavity (between the teeth); (03) free from clothing the area of the neck and chest; (04) apply a cold compress to the forehead; (05) after the seizure is over, put the patient in the "on the side" position; (06) urgently call for qualified medical assistance; (07) carry out transportation on a stretcher. 14. First aid for drowning 14.1. After removing the victim from the water, the first aid provider must: (01) put the victim belly down on a bent knee so that the lower part of the chest rests on it, and the upper body and head hang down; (02) with one hand press on the chin or raise the head (so that the mouth is open) and with vigorous pressure (several times) on the back with the other hand to help remove water; (03) after stopping the flow of water, lay the victim on his back and clean the mouth; (04) start artificial respiration; (05) in the absence of a pulse, dilated pupils, perform an external heart massage; (06) when breathing occurs, bring a piece of cotton wool soaked in a solution of ammonia to the nose; (07) when conscious, give the victim a tincture of valerian (20 drops in 1/2 cup water) to drink; (08) change the victim into dry clothes, give him strong tea; (09) keep the casualty warm; (10) provide the victim with complete rest; (11) call for qualified medical assistance. 15. First aid for bites 15.1. With the bites of poisonous insects and snakes appear: dizziness, nausea, vomiting, dryness and bitter taste in the mouth, rapid pulse, shortness of breath, drowsiness (in especially severe cases, there may be convulsions, loss of consciousness and respiratory arrest). 15.2. Burning pain, redness and swelling of the skin occur at the site of the bite. 15.3. The first aid provider must: (01) lay the casualty in a horizontal position; (02) put a sterile dressing on the wound (preferably with ice); (03) fix the affected limb by bandaging it to a service splint (improvised means) or to the body; (04) give the victim a large amount of liquid (partially), 15 - 20 drops of valerian tincture in 1/2 cup of water; (05) for bites from poisonous snakes (especially cobras), in the first minutes, apply a tourniquet to the limb above the bite; (06) to monitor the condition of the victim; (07) in severe cases, urgently call for qualified medical assistance; (08) transport the casualty in the prone position. 15.4. It is forbidden: (01) cauterize the bite site; (02) give the victim alcohol; (03) suck the poison out of the wound. 15.5. The first aid provider for animal bites should: (01) treat the skin around the wound (scratch) with a solution of iodine tincture; (02) apply a sterile dressing to the wound; (03) send (accompany) the victim to a medical facility. 16. Transportation of casualties 16.1. Transportation of the victim should be as quick, safe and gentle as possible. 16.2. Depending on the type of injury and the available means (personnel, improvised), the transportation of the victims can be carried out in different ways, maintenance, carrying out, transportation by transport. 16.3. Transport the wounded up or down should always be head up. 16.4. It is necessary to lay the victim on a stretcher from the side opposite to the injured part of the body. 16.5. When transporting on a stretcher, you must: (01) ensure that the casualty is in a correct and comfortable position; (02) so that when carried on the hands, the helpers go "out of step"; (03) lift and place the injured person on the stretcher in concert (on command); (04) in case of fractures and severe injuries, do not carry the victim to the stretcher on your hands, but place the stretcher under the victim (the fracture site must be supported). 16.6. The correct position of the victims during transportation: (01) the position "lying on the back" (the victim is conscious). Recommended for wounds of the head, spine, limbs; (02) position "lying on the back with legs bent at the knees" (put a roller under the knees). Recommended for open wounds of the abdominal cavity, for fractures of the pelvic bones; (03) the position "lying on the back with the lower limbs raised and the head down". Recommended for significant blood loss and shock; (04) prone position. Recommended for spinal injuries (unconscious); (05) "semi-sitting position with outstretched legs". With neck injuries and significant injuries of the upper limbs; (06) "semi-sitting position with bent legs" (put a roller under the knees). With injuries of the genitourinary organs, intestinal obstruction and other sudden illnesses, injuries of the abdominal cavity and injuries of the chest; (07) position "on the side". Recommended for severe wounds, when the victims are unconscious; (08) "sitting position". Recommended for minor injuries of the face and upper limbs.
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