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OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
Instructions on labor protection for a gas-electric welder. Full document
Occupational Safety and Health / Standard instructions for labor protection Safe Operation 1. General requirements for labor protection 1.1. The labor safety requirements set forth in this Standard Instruction apply to persons performing the work of a gas electric welder and combining other professions with the profession of a gas electric welder. 1.2. Persons aged at least 18 years who have passed preliminary and periodic medical examinations, appropriate training, instructions, testing knowledge of safety requirements and having a qualification certificate for the right to perform these works are allowed to independently perform electric and gas welding works. Electric welders, in addition, must have a qualification group for electrical safety not lower than II. 1.3. Women are not allowed to weld inside closed and hard-to-reach spaces, to manual arc welding and welding during climbing work. 1.4. When performing work, a gas-electric welder may come into contact with dangerous and harmful production factors:
1.5. A gas-electric welder must be aware of possible contact with harmful and dangerous production factors: when working on a ship, in a dock, in a workshop - adverse weather factors, noise, harmful substances generated during welding, the possibility of falling from a height. 1.6. There are 3 classes of conditions and nature of work: Grade 1 - optimal conditions. The adverse impact on human health of dangerous and harmful production factors is excluded. Grade 2 - acceptable conditions. The level of hazardous and harmful production factors does not exceed the established hygienic standards. There may be a slight change in health, which is restored during regulated rest during the working day or by the beginning of the next shift. Grade 3 - dangerous and harmful working conditions. The level of hazardous and harmful production factors exceeds hygienic standards, which can lead to a persistent decrease in efficiency or health problems. Contact with dangerous and harmful production factors can lead to injuries or to the development of various occupational diseases with damage to the cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous systems, liver, kidneys, etc. 1.7. When performing work, in accordance with the type of hazardous and harmful production factors, a gas-electric welder is obliged to use personal protective equipment (overalls, safety shoes and safety devices: glasses, a protective mask, a respirator, etc.), as well as electrical protective equipment (dielectric gloves, boots, rugs etc.) with the obligatory observance of the rules of personal hygiene. Overalls must be clean, serviceable, fastened with all buttons, safety shoes must be laced. Wearing a safety helmet with a fastened chinstrap is mandatory when on board ships, at docks, and on berths. 1.8. When performing the assigned work, the gas-electric welder should not leave his workplace without the permission of the foreman or take part in the performance of work not assigned to him. During work it is not allowed to smoke and eat. 1.9. When staying on the territory of the enterprise (ship repair plant), it is prohibited: (01) walk on the railway track and carriageway; (02) to cross railway tracks near a moving train; (03) crawl under the wagons and through the automatic coupler of a standing train; (04) bypass standing cars at a distance of less than 2 m; (05) to pass through the area of work of cranes and ship booms during the performance of cargo operations. 1.10. While on board, it is prohibited: (01) descend or enter the holds and compartments of the vessel without the permission of the administration and without notifying the officer in charge of the watch; (02) enter unlit holds and other ship spaces; (03) walking on beams, floors and stringers without secure flooring; (04) remove, rearrange fences, signs and other devices that ensure the safety of work; (05) stand or sit on the open holds coamings, bulwarks, railings, bollards, jump from berth to ship and back; (06) to be in the places of ship work for persons not participating in the work; (07) smoking, using open flames, throwing burning or smoldering objects (cigarette butts, etc.) overboard; (08) carry out hot work in enclosed spaces without forced ventilation; (09) move along the ship's ladders without holding on to the rails, go down or up the vertical ladders if the hands are occupied with the tool. The tool can be lowered (raised) at the plant end. Before descending into the hatch, it is necessary to check that its cover is fixed in the open position. 1.11. Along with the requirements of this Instruction, the gas electric welder must comply with: (01) the requirements set out in the tariff and qualification characteristics for the level of theoretical and practical knowledge of an employee of the relevant qualification; (02) the technological process of the work performed; (03) rules for the technical operation of equipment, fixtures, tools with which he works or which he serves; (04) internal labor regulations. 1.12. The gas-electric welder must immediately inform the master about all noticed malfunctions of equipment, devices. 1.13. When performing manual auxiliary operations, men are allowed to carry loads up to 20 kg, women - up to 10 kg. In other cases, the cargo must be moved using mechanisms and devices. 1.14. The workers are allowed to carry out work with the help of lifting machines controlled from the floor and hang the load on the hook of these machines after they have been instructed and tested their skills in operating machines and slinging loads. 1.15. The gas electric welder must know the Rules for the provision of first aid in case of accidents (Appendix) and be able to provide it. 1.16. In case of accidents, it is necessary to provide first aid to the victim, call a doctor and report the incident to the foreman or head of the workshop (section), if possible, preserving the situation at the scene for investigation. 1.17. The requirements of the Instruction on labor protection are mandatory for the employee. Failure to comply with these requirements is considered as a violation of labor discipline. 2. Labor protection requirements before starting work 2.1. When performing dangerous, unfamiliar or rarely performed work, the gas-electric welder must receive targeted safety training from the foreman. 2.2. When on board the ship being repaired, the gas-electric welder must familiarize himself with the evacuation scheme from various rooms and compartments in the event of an emergency. 2.3. Before starting work, it is necessary to put work clothes in order, prepare serviceable personal protective equipment, inspect gas-electric welding and ventilation equipment, tools, determine their serviceability and readiness for work. 2.4. The workplace of a gas-electric welder must be protected with screens or protective screens made of non-combustible materials, and measures must be taken to prevent the fall of welded (cut off) metal structures and the ingress of sparks and drops of molten metal onto people. 2.5. Safety signs must be installed (posted) in places where gas-electric welding works are carried out. 2.6. Gas-electric welding in ship spaces with a wooden deck or on scaffolding and scaffolding decks can only be carried out after the deck or decking is covered with iron sheets, asbestos cardboard or other fire-resistant materials and portable fire protection equipment is installed. 2.7. For the production of gas-electric welding work, scaffolding (deciding) or platforms must be installed at a height, and gas-electric welders must use safety belts with safety ends. It is possible to start working on scaffolding, scaffolding, decking and platforms only after checking their strength, the presence of a fence and the permission of the master. 2.8. Vessels, containers that previously contained flammable liquids, before welding or cutting, must first be steamed, rinsed, the air environment should be analyzed for the content of flammable liquid vapors and ventilated. 2.9. Before the start of gas-electric welding work inside tanks, boilers, compartments of ships, etc., an observer is posted at the neck (hatch, manhole). The gas-electric welder must work in a helmet and with a safety belt with straps, to which a safety rope is attached, the second end of which must be at the observer. Supervising electric welding work must have a qualification group for electrical safety not lower than II. The work site must be equipped with stationary 42 V lamps installed outside the facility, or portable lamps with a 12 V protective grid, fire extinguishing equipment, as well as continuous supply and exhaust ventilation. When performing work in these premises, the concentration of harmful substances and oxygen in the air must be measured every two hours during the entire working period. 2.10. When laying cables of welding machines, oxygen and acetylene hoses through cutouts in decks and bulkheads, they must be insulated with soft non-combustible material. Cables and sleeves must not have sharp kinks and must not touch sharp edges. 2.11. To carry a hand tool to the place of work, you must use a special box or bag. The box (bag) with the tool should be lowered into the hold or compartment at the plant end. When working at height, on reshtovaniya, etc. tools and accessories should be stored in boxes or bags. 2.12. To carry out gas-electric welding on ships, a gas-electric welder must have a written permit from the fire department (VOKhR). 2.13. Before starting electric welding work, an electric welder should not use technological equipment, metal structures of buildings and communications, protective grounding or grounding networks as a current-carrying wire. Welding must be done using two wires. On ships, the current-carrying wire is connected to the ship's hull at the place of work. Cases of vessels, reservoirs, metal structures and pipelines can serve as a current-carrying wire only in those cases when they themselves are the object of welding. The length of the primary circuit between the connection point and the mobile welding unit must not exceed 10 m. The insulation of the wires must be protected from mechanical damage. 2.14. Before starting gas welding (gas cutting) work, it is necessary to check: (01) tightness and strength of gas hoses connection to the burner (cutter) and reducers; (02) the presence of water in the valve to the level of the control cock and the tightness of all connections in the valve for the passage of gas, as well as the tightness of the connection of the hose to the valve; (03) serviceability of the burner (cutter), gearboxes and sleeves; (04) sufficiency of suction in the injection equipment; (05) the serviceability of the switching and grounding devices of the gas-cutting machine, the smoothness of the movement of all its parts, the serviceability of the rheostat and the magnetic head. 2.15. When preparing gas welding equipment for operation, the gas welder must: (01) purge the valves of the gas cylinders by briefly opening the valves to remove foreign particles. The valve must be opened manually or with a special key without sharp turns; (02) fasten the reducers to the cylinders with a special wrench made of non-sparking metal; (03) lay gas hoses to the place of work, taking measures to prevent their compression and intersection with electric cables and electric welding wires. 2.16. Delivery of gas cylinders to the place of work should be carried out on trolleys specially adapted for this purpose or using other special devices. Persons involved in the movement (transportation) of gas cylinders must be trained and instructed. 3. Labor protection requirements during work 3.1. Safety requirements for electric welding 3.1.1. When welding in a shielding gas environment, openings, openings and leaks leading to the lower premises must be securely closed to prevent argon or carbon dioxide from entering them. When welding in closed or hard-to-reach rooms, the oxygen content in the room should be constantly checked using a continuous automatic gas analyzer. When welding in carbon dioxide, in addition to checking for oxygen content, it is necessary to additionally check for the content of oxide and carbon dioxide. When welding outdoors during the cold season, to prevent freezing of carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide cylinders should be installed in special insulated rooms, and a heater should be installed in front of the gearbox. The electrical coil of the heater must not be in contact with the cylinder. The heater must be powered from a network with a voltage of no more than 42 V and a power of 70 W in order to exclude heating of the cylinder. To warm up a cylinder with carbon dioxide, it is necessary to stop gas sampling, disconnect the reducer, bring the cylinder into a warm room with a temperature of 20 - 25°C and leave it until warming up. 3.1.2. When installing the workpiece to be welded and performing preparatory operations, the welding equipment must be disconnected from the mains. 3.1.3. In contact welding with roller (seam) machines with external water cooling of the rollers, trays for collecting flowing water should be provided, and at the welder's workplace - wooden gratings covered with a rubber mat. 3.1.4. Cleaning the electrodes of roller (seam) and point machines is allowed only when the electric voltage is removed (the mains switch is turned off). 3.1.5. The electrician is prohibited from: (01) to weld mechanisms, equipment, containers and pipelines filled with combustible or toxic substances, under pressure or electrical voltage; (02) leave the electric welding unit in working order unattended; (03) to combine electric welding and gas welding (gas cutting) work in enclosed spaces; (04) carry out electric welding work on the bulkheads and decks of the ship, if there are combustible, flammable materials or coatings behind them; (05) connect and disconnect welding equipment from the electrical panel, repair welding equipment; (06) weld in rain and snow; (07) weld metal on weight; (08) touch parts of mechanisms that are in motion, touch current-carrying parts, electric wires, cables, tires, terminals, lighting fixtures under voltage; (09) wipe parts with gasoline, kerosene, etc. immediately before welding; (10) store flammable materials at work sites; (11) apply voltage to the workpiece to be welded through a system of series-connected metal sheets, pipes, etc.; (12) carry out welding work from ladders and ladders; (13) stand with legs, knees, lean on, lean on the palm of your hand and sit on a freshly welded seam; (14) work on automatic and semi-automatic welding machines that do not have special fences (transparent shields, screens) that protect the welder from metal splashes, sparks and allow safe observation of welding. 3.2. Safety requirements for gas welding (gas cutting) works 3.2.1. When igniting a hand burner or cutter, it is necessary to slightly open the oxygen valve (by 1/4 - 1/2 turn), then open the valve of acetylene or other combustible gas and, after briefly purging the hose (sleeve) from air, ignite the combustible mixture. 3.2.2. The ignition of the burner (cutter) is made with a match or a special lighter. It is forbidden to light the burner (torch) from hot metal or other objects. The ignition of the burner (torch) when working in closed containers must be carried out outside these containers. 3.2.3. During breaks in work, the flame of the burner (torch) must be extinguished, and the valves on the burner (torch) must be tightly closed. During long breaks in work (lunch break, etc.), in addition to burners (cutters), it is necessary to close the valves on oxygen and acetylene cylinders or gas folding posts, and unscrew the pressure screws of the gearboxes until the spring is released. 3.2.4. To avoid the occurrence of pops and kickback, do not work with dirty mouthpiece outlet channels. To clean the mouthpiece, use a brass needle that matches the size of the hole in the mouthpiece. 3.2.5. If the burner (torch) overheats, it is necessary to stop work, and extinguish the burner (torch) and cool it in a vessel with clean water. 3.2.6. In the event of a reverse flame strike, immediately close the valves on the burner (torch), on the cylinders or oxygen pipelines and the water lock, and then cool the burner (torch) in water until the mouthpiece and mixing chamber are completely cool. 3.2.7. If acetylene catches fire in the reducer or in the cylinder valve, immediately close the valve on the cylinder and take the cylinder to a safe place, taking precautionary measures. 3.2.8. If a leak of combustible gases from cylinders or gas pipelines is detected, work with open fire must be stopped. Work can be resumed only after the elimination of leaks in the gas pipeline (at the cylinders), checking the gas leaks for gas permeability and ventilating the premises. 3.2.9. The length of hoses for gas welding should not be less than 10 m and more than 40 m. The use of hoses with a length of more than 40 m is allowed only in exceptional cases with the permission of the work manager. 3.2.10. Gas hoses must be used in accordance with their purpose. It is not allowed to use oxygen hoses for supplying acetylene or gases - substitutes for acetylene and vice versa. It is forbidden to use oiled sleeves. Sparks, heavy objects, and exposure to high temperatures should not be allowed to enter the sleeves. 3.2.11. Oxygen and acetylene cylinders when working at temporary workplaces must be fixed in a special rack or on a trolley and protected from possible ingress of oils and fats on them. 3.2.12. When transporting cylinders with combustible gas and oxygen on a trolley, it is necessary to exclude the possibility of their hitting each other or falling. 3.2.13. The selection from cylinders of oxygen and combustible compressed gases - substitutes for acetylene should be carried out to a residual pressure in the cylinder of at least 0,049 MPa (0,5 kgf / sq. cm), and dissolved acetylene - to a residual pressure of at least 0,049 MPa (0,5 kgf / sq. cm) and not more than 0,098 MPa (1 kgf / sq. cm). With the specified residual pressure, cylinders for oxygen, compressed substitute gases for acetylene and acetylene must be sent to filling plants or filling stations. 3.2.14. When using liquefied gas in the cold season, it is allowed to use cylinder heating up to 30 ° C with hot water or to pass liquefied gas through a specially installed evaporator. The elimination of ice blockages in liquefied gas pipelines should be carried out only with steam, hot water or heated sand. It is forbidden to use for this purpose open fire, steel rods, as well as methods that can cause sparking. 3.2.15. When performing gas-cutting operations on ships and facilities under repair, fuel tanks should be installed on open decks and platforms. They are not allowed to be placed in rooms, closed compartments, tanks, boilers, etc. Kerosene should be used as a liquid fuel. 3.2.16. Tanks and fittings at least once a year must be subjected to a strength test with a hydraulic pressure of 0,981 MPa (10 kgf / sq. cm). An inscription should be made on the tank about the date of the next test. The tank may be filled with fuel no more than 3/4 of its capacity. Spilled fuel must be cleaned up immediately. Fuel must be free of foreign matter and water. 3.2.17. A torch designed to operate on liquid fuel must have a working check valve that prevents back blows from penetrating into the oxygen hose. The heaters in the cutters must be suitable for the types of fuel consumed. 3.2.18. When performing work with the use of liquid fuel, it is allowed to use only petrol-oil-resistant hoses. 3.2.19. To ignite the cutter flame, you must first open the heating oxygen valve, then the fuel valve, and then ignite the flame, adjusting it in appearance. After heating the evaporator, open the cutting oxygen valve. 3.2.20. The oxygen pressure at the torch inlet must be higher than the pressure of the fuel in the tank. While pumping the tank, the cutter with the cutting oxygen valve closed must be on a special stand. 3.2.21. When you stop working, the air from the fuel tank must be released. Do not bleed air from the canister before the torch flame has been extinguished. It is allowed to open the cover (nut) of the pump only after the air has been released from the tank. 3.2.22. After recharging the acetylene generator and draining the sludge, it is necessary (before the burner is ignited) to release the first portions of the resulting acetylene into the atmosphere and purge the apparatus. 3.2.23. When water freezes in portable generators, liquid locks or hoses, they must be heated in a warm room at a distance of 10 m or more from sources of open fire (sparks). Heating with hot water or steam is allowed. Vessels in which water was heated on an open flame are not allowed to be brought to the place where the generator is heated. It is not allowed to put pieces of calcium carbide into thawed water or on ice to speed up warming, as well as to chip off ice from the generator and hoses. 3.2.24. When gas cutting large parts, scrap metal, etc. measures must be taken to prevent the cut off parts from falling on people. 3.2.25. A gas welder (gas cutter) is prohibited from: (01) work on defective welding equipment, use gas cylinders that have not passed the next examination, with faulty valves, grease stains, shells, corrosion, cracks, dents and other damage, as well as cylinders that do not have passport data; (02) repair burners, cutters, valves, cylinders and other equipment; (03) work at unprotected hatches, openings, wells, remove fences and manhole covers; (04) carry out welding work near flammable and flammable materials; (05) carry out gas welding and cutting using liquefied gases in basements and basements, in wells and other underground structures; (06) use combustible gases that do not have a perceptible odor, as well as gasoline and mineral spirits as liquid fuels; (07) carry gas cylinders manually, install welding units, gas cylinders, tanks with flammable liquid in passages, driveways and on people's evacuation routes; (08) approach with a lit torch or cutter to a fuel tank or an oxygen cylinder, move outside the workplace, as well as climb ladders, scaffolding, etc.; (09) attach forks, tees, etc. to the sleeves to power several burners (cutters); (10) leave gas hoses connected to cylinder reducers during breaks and at the end of work; (11) pinching, twisting, or kinking the hoses that supply oxygen and fuel to the torch; (12) place gas cylinders closer than 10 meters from the hot work area; (13) allow heating of gas cylinders, including from exposure to sunlight; (14) to remove caps from cylinders by hammering, chisels and other means capable of generating a spark; (15) heat the torch vaporizer with a flammable liquid poured at the workplace; (16) work from ladders, step-ladders, adjust and dismantle scaffolding and lashings; (17) leave unsecured objects on the scaffolding and shingles or throw them down, work for several welders at the same time on the same vertical; (18) store in the same room cylinders with acetylene (gases - substitutes for acetylene) and oxygen; (19) to blow products, clean overalls and enrich the air of the working room with compressed oxygen; (20) to work in oiled gloves, overalls. 4. Labor protection requirements in emergency situations 4.1. When the carbon dioxide fire extinguishing system is activated in the ship's spaces (when sound and light signals are turned on), all persons must immediately leave these spaces. 4.2. In all cases of detection of a fire or its signs (smoke, burning smell), damage to technical equipment or other danger, the gas electric welder must immediately report to the foreman and leave the danger zone. 4.3. If the lighting suddenly turns off, you must wait for it to turn on. It is dangerous to move around in unlit ship premises. 4.4. In case of ignition of combustible substances, it is necessary to use a fire extinguisher, sand, earth or cover the fire with a tarpaulin or felt. It is forbidden to pour water on burning fuel and non-disconnected electrical equipment. 4.5. If you find the slightest signs of poisoning or irritation of the skin, mucous membranes of the eyes and upper respiratory tract, you must immediately stop work, inform the master and contact the first-aid post. 5. Labor protection requirements at the end of work 5.1. Upon completion of work, the electric gas welder must: (01) turn off the switch of the welding machine, when working on automatic and semi-automatic devices, turn off the water, and when welding in shielding gases, close the cylinder valve and relieve pressure on the reducer; (02) close the valves on the cylinders or gas pipelines, release gases from all communications and release the clamping springs of the reducers. Remove the sleeves and hand them over together with hand burners (cutters) and gearboxes to the pantry; (03) clean up the workplace, tools, inventory, work materials and personal protective equipment. Inspect your workplace and check for uncleaned welding wires, gas hoses, temporary lighting wires, portable lamps, fixtures, materials, loose parts and smoldering objects; (04) close all hatches, openings where temporary fences and safety signs can be removed; (05) ensure that none of the workers are accidentally left in the ship's premises; (06) put overalls and safety shoes in a personal closet for overalls, in case of contamination of overalls, hand it over for washing (replace); (07) wash hands and face with warm soapy water or take a shower. Application (required). Rules for the provision of first aid to victims 1. General provisions 1.1. First aid is the simplest measures necessary to preserve the health and save the life of a person who has suffered a sudden illness or injury. The rescue of the victim in most cases depends on how quickly and correctly the first aid will be provided. 1.2. The essence of first aid is to stop the impact of traumatic factors, to carry out the simplest medical measures and to ensure the speedy transportation of the victim to a medical institution. 1.3. For the correct setting of first aid work, the following conditions must be met: (01) in each work shift, special persons should be assigned responsible for the condition and systematic replenishment of first aid supplies and devices stored in first aid kits; (02) in each work shift, people capable of providing first aid should be identified and trained; (03) care provided by a non-specialist should only be care provided before a doctor, and not instead of a doctor, and should include the following: temporary control of bleeding, dressing of a wound (burn), immobilization (immovable fixation) for severe injuries, resuscitation measures ( artificial respiration, closed heart massage), the issuance of painkillers and other drugs for well-known diseases, the transfer and transportation of victims; (04) the first aid kit must contain all the necessary medical equipment (according to the packaging manual) for first aid. 1.4. Signs of life and death of a person. 1.4.1. Signs of life: (01) heartbeat; the assisting person determines with his hand or by putting his ear (by ear) below the left nipple of the victim's chest; (02) the pulse is determined on the inside of the forearm, on the neck; (03) the presence of breathing is established by the movements of the chest, by moistening the mirror attached to the nose of the victim, or by the movement of cotton brought to the nasal openings; (04) pupil reaction to light. When a beam of light is directed, a sharp narrowing of the pupil occurs. Signs of life are unmistakable proof that immediate assistance can still save a person. 1.4.2. Signs of death. (01) Human death consists of two phases: clinical and biological. Clinical death lasts 5 - 7 minutes. A person does not breathe, there is no heartbeat, but there are still no irreversible changes in the tissues of the body. During this period, the body can still be revived. After 8 - 10 minutes, biological death occurs. In this phase, it is no longer possible to save the victim's life (due to irreversible changes in vital organs: the brain, heart, lungs). (02) Distinguish between doubtful signs of death and obvious cadaveric signs. Doubtful signs of death: the victim is not breathing; heartbeat is not determined; there is no reaction to a needle prick of a skin area; the reaction of the pupils to strong light is negative (the pupil does not narrow). Explicit cadaveric signs: clouding of the cornea and its drying; when squeezing the eye from the sides with fingers, the pupil narrows and resembles a cat's eye; rigor mortis (starts from the head 1 to 4 hours after death); body cooling; cadaveric spots (resulting from the flow of blood into the lower parts of the body). 2. Methods of resuscitation (revival) of victims of clinical death 2.1. Carrying out artificial respiration by the mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose method. 2.1.1. Artificial respiration should be performed if the victim does not breathe or breathes with difficulty (rarely, convulsively) or if breathing gradually worsens regardless of the causes (electric shock, poisoning, drowning, etc.). 2.1.2. You should not continue to do artificial respiration after the appearance of independent. 2.1.3. When starting artificial respiration, the caregiver must: (01) if possible, lay the casualty on their back; (02) release the victim from clothing restricting breathing (remove the scarf, unfasten the collar, trouser belt, etc.); (03) free the victim's mouth from foreign objects; (04) with the mouth tightly closed, open it, push the lower jaw forward, doing this so that the lower teeth are in front of the upper ones (as shown in the figure - not shown). If it is not possible to open the mouth in this way, then carefully insert a board, a metal plate or a spoon handle, etc. between the back molars (at the corner of the mouth). and unclench your teeth; (05) stand to the side of the victim's head, put one hand under the neck, and with the palm of the other hand press on the forehead, tilting the head back as much as possible; (06) lean towards the victim's face, take a deep breath with an open mouth, completely tightly cover the victim's open mouth with his lips and exhale vigorously (at the same time covering the victim's nose with his cheek or fingers). Air can be blown through gauze, a scarf, a special device "air duct", etc. With tightly clenched jaws of the victim, it is necessary to take measures in accordance with paragraph 2.1.3, subparagraph (04), because artificial respiration by the mouth-to-nose method is carried out with the victim's mouth open; (07) in the absence of spontaneous breathing and the presence of a pulse, artificial respiration can be performed in the "sitting" or "vertical" position (on a support, on a mast, etc.); (08) observe the second interval between artificial breaths (the time of each breath of air is 1,5 - 2 s); (09) after restoration of spontaneous breathing in the victim (visually determined by the expansion of the chest), stop artificial respiration and put the victim in a stable lateral position (turning of the head, torso and shoulders is carried out simultaneously). 2.2. External cardiac massage. 2.2.1. External cardiac massage is performed during cardiac arrest, characterized by: (01) pallor or cyanosis of the skin; (02) absence of a pulse in the carotid arteries; (03) loss of consciousness; (04) cessation or disturbance of breathing (convulsive breaths). 2.2.2. Conductive external heart massage is required to: (01) lay the victim on a flat, hard base (floor, bench, etc.); (02) position yourself at the side of the victim and (if one person is assisting) make two quick, vigorous blows in the mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose manner; (03) put the palm of one hand (usually the left) on the lower half of the sternum (stepping back 3 transverse fingers above its lower edge). Put the palm of the second hand on top of the first. The fingers of the hands do not touch the surface of the body of the victim; (04) press with quick jerks (arms are straightened at the elbow joints) on the sternum, shifting it strictly vertically down by 4-5 cm, with a pressure duration of no more than 0,5 seconds. and with an interval of pressing no more than 0,5 s; (05) for every 2 deep breaths, perform 15 chest compressions (with one person assisting); (06) with the participation of two people in resuscitation, carry out the "breathing-massage" ratio as 1:5 (ie, after deep inhalation, carry out five pressures on the chest); (07) when performing resuscitation by one person every 2 minutes, interrupt the heart massage for 2 - 3 seconds and check the pulse on the victim's carotid artery; (08) when a pulse appears, stop external cardiac massage and continue artificial respiration until spontaneous breathing appears. 3. First aid for injury 3.1. A wound is a damage to the integrity of the skin, mucous membrane or organ. 3.2. The first aid provider must remember that: (01) help should be provided with cleanly washed hands with soap or, if this cannot be done, lubricate the fingers with iodine tincture. Touching the wound itself, even with washed hands, is prohibited; (02) Do not wash the wound with water or medicines, fill it with iodine or alcohol, cover with powder, cover with ointments, put cotton wool directly on the wound. All of the above can interfere with wound healing, bringing dirt from the surface of the skin, thereby causing its subsequent suppuration; (03) do not remove blood clots, foreign bodies from the wound (because this can cause bleeding); (04) in no case should any tissues or organs protruding outwards be pressed into the inside of the wound - they must be covered from above with clean gauze; (05) do not wrap the wound with insulating tape; (06) with extensive wounds of the limbs, they must be immobilized (fixed motionless). 3.3. To provide first aid for injuries, you must: (01) open the individual package in the first aid kit (bag) (according to the instruction printed on its wrapper); (02) apply a sterile dressing to the wound (without touching the part of the dressing that is applied directly to the wound) and secure it with a bandage; (03) in the absence of an individual dressing bag, use a clean handkerchief, a clean cloth, etc.; (04) in the presence of disinfectants (iodine tincture, alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, gasoline), it is necessary to treat the edges of the wound with them; (05) give the victim painkillers. 3.4. If the wound is contaminated with earth, it is necessary to urgently consult a doctor (for the introduction of tetanus toxoid). 3.5. In case of moderate and severe injuries, it is necessary to deliver the victim to a first-aid post or medical institution. 3.6. In case of penetrating wounds of the chest cavity, it is necessary to transport the victims on a stretcher in the "lying" position with the head part raised or in the "semi-sitting" position. 3.7. With penetrating wounds of the abdomen, it is necessary to transport the victim on a stretcher in the "lying" position. 4. First aid for bleeding 4.1. Bleeding is the outflow of blood from a vessel as a result of an injury or complication of certain diseases. 4.2. There are the following types of bleeding: (01) capillary - occurs with superficial wounds, blood oozes in tiny droplets. To stop bleeding, it is enough to press a gauze swab to the wounded area or apply a slightly pressure sterile bandage; (02) venous - blood is dark red, flows out in an even stream; (03) arterial - blood of a scarlet color, is thrown upwards by a pulsating jet (fountain); (04) mixed - occurs when both veins and arteries bleed in the wound. This is observed with deep wounds. 4.3. When a vein is injured on a limb, the latter must be lifted up and then a pressure sterile bandage applied. If it is impossible to stop the bleeding with the above method, you should squeeze the blood vessels below the wound site with your finger, apply a tourniquet, bend the limb in the joint or use a twist. 4.4. Arterial bleeding can be stopped, just like venous bleeding. In case of bleeding from a large artery (with insufficient application of a pressure bandage), it is necessary to apply a tourniquet above the site of bleeding. 4.5. After applying a tourniquet or twist, you must write a note indicating the time of their application and put it in a bandage (under a bandage or tourniquet). 4.6. Keep the applied tourniquet for more than 1,5 - 2,0 hours. is not allowed, because this can lead to necrosis of the bloodless limb. 4.7. If pain occurs from the imposition of a tourniquet, it is necessary for 10-15 minutes. take off. To do this, before removing the tourniquet, they press the artery through which blood flows to the wound with a finger; dissolve the tourniquet should be slow; after 10 - 15 minutes, the tourniquet is applied again. 4.8. After 1 hour, even if the victim can endure the pain from the tourniquet, it should still be removed for 10-15 minutes. 4.9. In case of moderate and severe venous and arterial bleeding, the victims must be taken to a first-aid post or any medical institution. 4.10. In case of nosebleeds, the victim should be seated, put a cold lotion on the bridge of the nose, squeeze the nostrils with your fingers for 4-5 minutes. If the bleeding does not stop, it is necessary to carefully insert a dense gauze or cotton swab moistened with a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution into the bleeding nostril, leaving the end of the gauze strip (cotton) outside, for which after 2,0 - 2,5 hours you can remove the swab. If it is impossible to stop the bleeding of the victim, it is necessary to deliver to the first-aid post (in the "sitting" position) or call the medical staff to him. 4.11. First aid for mixed bleeding includes all of the above activities: rest, cold, pressure bandage (tourniquet). 5. First aid for burns 5.1. Burns are: (01) thermal - caused by fire, steam, hot objects, sunlight, quartz, etc.; (02) chemical - caused by the action of acids and alkalis; (03) electrical - caused by the action of an electric current. 5.2. According to the severity of burns are divided into: (01) 1st degree burns - characterized by redness and swelling of the skin; (02) 2nd degree burns - blisters form on the skin; (03) 3rd degree burns - characterized by the formation of scabs on the skin as a result of necrosis of the superficial and deep layers of the skin; (04) 4th degree burns - charring of skin tissues occurs, damage to muscles, tendons and bones. 5.3. Providing first aid to victims of thermal and electrical burns must: (01) remove the victim from the zone of the heat source; (02) extinguish burning parts of clothing (throw any cloth, blanket, etc., or smother the flame with water); (03) give the victim painkillers; (04) put a sterile dressing on the burned areas, in case of extensive burns, cover the burn surface with clean gauze or an ironed sheet; (05) for eye burns, apply cold soaks from a solution of boric acid (1/2 teaspoon of acid to a glass of water); (06) deliver the victim to the first-aid post. 5.4. The person providing first aid for chemical burns must: (01) if solid particles of chemicals come into contact with the affected areas of the body, remove them with a swab or cotton; (02) immediately flush the affected area with plenty of clean cold water (for 10 to 15 minutes); (03) in case of skin burns with acid, make lotions (bandage) with a solution of baking soda (1 teaspoon of soda per glass of water); (04) in case of skin burns with alkali, make a lotion (bandage) with a solution of boric acid (1 teaspoon per glass of water) or with a weak solution of acetic acid (1 teaspoon of table vinegar per glass of water); (05) if liquid or acid vapor gets into the eyes or mouth, rinse them with plenty of water and then with a solution of baking soda (1/2 teaspoon per glass of water); (06) if splashes or vapors of alkali get into the eyes or mouth, rinse the affected areas with plenty of water and then with a solution of boric acid (1/2 teaspoon per glass of water); (07) if acid or alkali enters the esophagus, give no more than 3 glasses of water to drink, lay down and cover the victim warmly; (08) in severe cases, take the victim to a medical center or any medical institution. 5.5. It is forbidden: (01) touching burned areas of the body with hands; (02) lubricate with ointments or sprinkle powders on burned areas of the skin and mucous surfaces; (03) burst bubbles; (04) remove various substances adhering to the burnt place (mastic, rosin, resins, etc.); (05) to tear off clothes and shoes from the burned area. 6. First aid for general hypothermia and frostbite 6.1. Frostbite is tissue damage caused by exposure to low temperatures. 6.2. With mild frostbite (blanching and redness of the skin, up to loss of sensitivity), the first aid provider must: (01) move the casualty to a warm room as soon as possible; (02) give the victim hot tea, coffee, hot food; (03) put the frostbitten limb in a warm bath (basin, bucket) at a temperature of 20°C, bringing it to the temperature for 20 - 30 minutes. up to 40°C (in case of contamination, wash the limb with soap). 6.3. With a slight frostbite of limited areas of the body, the latter can be warmed with the help of the warmth of the hands of the first aid provider. 6.4. In case of severe frostbite (appearance of blisters on the skin, necrosis of soft tissues), the caregiver must: (01) urgently transfer the victim to a warm room; (02) treat the skin around the blisters with alcohol (without piercing them); (03) put a sterile dressing on the frostbitten part; (04) give the victim hot tea, coffee; (05) apply general body warming (warm wraps, heating pads, etc.); (06) transport the victim to a first-aid post or medical facility. 6.5. It is forbidden to rub frostbitten parts of the body with snow, alcohol, apply a hot heating pad. 7. First aid to the victim from the action of electric current 7.1. The first aid provider must: (01) release the victim from the action of electric current, observing the necessary precautions (when separating the victim from live parts and wires, it is imperative to use dry clothes or dry objects that do not conduct electric current); (02) within 1 min. assess the general condition of the victim (determination of consciousness, color of skin and mucous membranes, breathing, pulse, pupil reaction); (03) in the absence of consciousness, lay the victim down, unbutton the clothes, create an influx of fresh air, bring a cotton swab moistened with a solution of ammonia to the nose, carry out general warming; (04) if necessary (very slow and spasmodic breathing, weak pulse) start artificial respiration; (05) carry out resuscitation (revitalization) measures until the function of vital organs is restored or until obvious signs of death appear; (06) if the victim vomits, turn his head and shoulders to the side to remove the vomit; (07) after resuscitation, provide the victim with complete rest and call the medical staff; (08) if necessary, transport the victim on a stretcher in the prone position. 8. First aid for injuries: fractures, dislocations, bruises, sprains 8.1. Violent damage to the body, caused by external influences, resulting in impaired health, is called trauma. 8.2. Seriously injured persons must not be carried until a doctor or other qualified person has arrived, unless they must be removed from a hazardous area. 8.3. A fracture is a break in the integrity of a bone. 8.4. Fractures are characterized by: (01) sharp pain (worse when trying to change position); (02) bone deformity (due to displacement of bone fragments); (03) swelling of the fracture site. 8.5. There are open (violation of the skin) and closed (the skin is not broken) fractures. 8.6. The caregiver for fractures (dislocations) should: (01) give the victim painkillers; (02) with an open fracture - stop bleeding, treat the wound, apply a bandage; (03) provide immobilization (creation of rest) of the broken bone with standard splints or available materials (plywood, boards, sticks, etc.); (04) in case of a fracture of a limb, apply splints, fixing at least two joints - one above, the other below the fracture site (the center of the splint should be at the fracture site); (05) in case of fractures (dislocations) of the shoulder or forearm, fix the injured arm in the physiological position (bent at the elbow joint at an angle of 90°) by placing a dense ball of cotton wool or a bandage in the palm, hanging the arm to the neck on a kerchief (bandage); (06) in case of fracture (dislocation) of the bones of the hand and fingers to a wide splint (the width of the palm and a length from the middle of the forearm to the fingertips), bandage the hand by putting a ball of cotton wool or bandage into the palm, hang the hand to the neck with a scarf (bandage ); (07) in case of a fracture (dislocation) of the femur, apply an external splint from the armpit to the heel, and an internal splint from the perineum to the heel (if possible, without lifting the limb). Transport the victim on a stretcher; (08) in case of fracture (dislocation) of the bones of the lower leg, fix the knee and ankle joints of the affected limb. Transport the victim on a stretcher; (09) in case of a fracture (dislocation) of the collarbone, put a small piece of cotton wool into the armpit (on the side of the injury) and bandage the arm bent at a right angle to the body; (10) in case of damage to the spine, carefully, without lifting the victim, slip a wide board, thick plywood, etc. under his back. or turn the victim face down without bending the torso. Transportation only on a stretcher; (11) for broken ribs, bandage the chest tightly or pull it off with a towel while exhaling; (12) in case of a fracture of the pelvic bones, slip a wide board under the back, put the victim in the “frog” position (bend the legs at the knees and spread them apart, and move the feet together, put a roller of clothes under the knees). Transport the victim only on a stretcher; (13) apply "cold" to the fracture site (rubber ice pack, cold water bottle, cold packs, etc.) to reduce pain. 8.7. Any attempts to independently compare bone fragments or reduce dislocations are prohibited. 8.8. In case of a head injury (may be observed: headache, loss of consciousness, nausea, vomiting, bleeding from the ears), it is necessary: (01) lay the casualty on his back; (02) fix the head on both sides with soft rollers and apply a tight bandage; (03) if there is a wound, apply a sterile dressing; (04) put "cold"; (05) provide peace; (06) when vomiting (unconscious), turn the victim's head to the side. 8.9. With bruises (characterized by pain and swelling at the site of the bruise), it is necessary: (01) apply cold to the injury site; (02) apply a tight bandage; (03) create peace. 8.10. When stretching ligaments, you must: (01) fix the injured limb with bandages, splints, improvised materials, etc.; (02) provide rest to the injured limb; (03) apply "cold" to the injury site. 8.11. When squeezing the victim with a weight, it is necessary: (01) free him from gravity; (02) provide assistance depending on the damage. 9. First aid for shock 9.1. Shock (insensibility) - the state of the body as a result of impaired circulation, respiration and metabolism. This is a serious reaction of the body to injury, representing a great danger to human life. 9.2. The signs of shock are: (01) pallor of the skin; (02) clouding (up to loss) of consciousness; (03) cold sweat; (04) dilated pupils; (05) acceleration of breathing and pulse; (06) drop in blood pressure; (07) in severe cases, there may be vomiting, ashy complexion, cyanosis of the skin, involuntary feces and urination. 9.3. The first aid provider must: (01) provide the necessary assistance, corresponding to the type of injury (stop bleeding, immobilize the fracture site, etc.); (02) wrap the victim in a blanket, laying him horizontally with his head slightly lowered; (03) when thirsty (excluding abdominal injuries), give the victim some water to drink; (04) call for qualified medical assistance immediately; (05) transport the casualty on a stretcher to the hospital with extreme care. 10. First aid in case of foreign bodies entering human organs and tissues 10.1. If a foreign body enters the respiratory throat, it is necessary: (01) ask the victim to make several sharp coughing shocks; (02) inflict 3-5 short blows with a brush on the interscapular region with the head tilted down or in the prone position; (03) grasp the victim from behind, clasping the hands between the xiphoid process of the sternum and the navel and apply 3 to 5 quick pressures on the victim's abdomen. 10.2. If a foreign body (mote) gets into the eye, it is necessary to rinse the eye with a stream of water (from a glass using cotton wool or gauze), directing the latter from the corner of the eye (temple) to the inner corner of the eye (toward the nose). 10.2.1. Do not rub your eyes. 10.2.2. In case of severe injuries, it is necessary to put a sterile bandage on the eye and urgently deliver the victim to a first-aid post or medical institution. 10.3. If foreign bodies get into soft tissues (under the skin, nails, etc.), it is necessary: (01) remove the foreign body (if there is confidence that this can be done); (02) treat the injection site of the foreign body with iodine solution; (03) apply a sterile dressing. 11. First aid for poisoning 11.1. In case of gas poisoning (acetylene, carbon monoxide, gasoline vapors, etc.), the victims feel: headache, "knocking in the temples", "ringing in the ears", general weakness, dizziness, drowsiness; in severe cases, there may be an excited state, respiratory failure, dilated pupils. 11.1.1. The caregiver must: (01) withdraw or remove the victim from the gassed area; (02) unfasten clothing and let in fresh air; (03) lay the victim down with legs raised (in case of carbon monoxide poisoning, strictly horizontally); (04) cover the victim with a blanket, clothing, etc.; (05) bring a cotton swab moistened with a solution of ammonia to the nose of the victim; (06) give plenty of liquid to drink; (07) when breathing stops, begin artificial respiration; (08) urgently call for qualified medical assistance. 11.2. In case of chlorine poisoning, it is necessary: (01) rinse eyes, nose and mouth with a solution of baking soda (1/2 teaspoon per glass of water); (02) give the victim sips of warm water; (03) send the victim to the first-aid post. 11.3. In case of poisoning with spoiled foods (headaches, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, general weakness may occur), it is necessary: (01) give the victim 3 to 4 glasses of water or a pink solution of potassium permanganate to drink, followed by induction of vomiting; (02) repeat washing 2-3 times; (03) give the victim activated charcoal (tablets); (04) give the victim warm tea to drink; (05) lay down and cover the casualty warmly; (06) in case of respiratory failure and cardiac arrest, start artificial respiration and external heart massage; (07) deliver the victim to the first-aid post. 11.4. First aid for poisoning with caustic substances. 11.4.1. In case of poisoning with strong acids (sulfuric, hydrochloric, acetic) and strong alkalis (caustic soda, caustic potassium, ammonia), burns of the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and sometimes the stomach occur. 11.4.2. Signs of poisoning are: severe pain in the mouth, pharynx, stomach and intestines, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, general weakness (up to fainting). 11.4.3. In case of acid poisoning, you must: (01) give the victim inside every 5 minutes a tablespoon of soda solution (2 teaspoons per glass of water) or 10 drops of ammonia diluted in water; (02) give the victim milk or egg whites shaken in water to drink; (03) if breathing is disturbed, give artificial respiration; (04) deliver the victim to the first-aid post. 11.4.4. In case of poisoning with strong caustic alkali, the victim must: (01) to drink little by little cold water acidified with acetic or citric acid (2 tablespoons of 3% vinegar solution per glass of water); (02) give inside vegetable oil or egg white shaken with water; (03) apply mustard plaster to the epigastric region; (04) deliver the victim to the first-aid post. 12. First aid for fainting, heat and sunstroke 12.1. Fainting is a sudden, short-term loss of consciousness (from a few seconds to a few minutes). 12.1.1. Fainting can occur as a result of: fright, severe pain, bleeding, a sharp change in body position (from horizontal to vertical, etc.). 12.1.2. With fainting, the victim is observed: profuse sweat, cold extremities, weak and frequent pulse, weakened breathing, pallor of the skin. 12.1.3. When providing first aid for fainting, you must: (01) lay the victim on his back, lower his head, raise his legs; (02) unfasten clothing and let in fresh air; (03) wet face with cold water; (04) bring a cotton swab moistened with a solution of ammonia to the nose; (05) lightly pat on the cheeks; (06) after removing the victim from fainting, give the victim strong tea, coffee; (07) in case of repeated fainting, call for qualified medical assistance; (08) transport the casualty on a stretcher. 12.2. Heat stroke and sunstroke occur as a result of a significant overheating of the body and, as a result, a significant rush of blood to the brain. 12.2.1. Overheating is facilitated by: elevated ambient temperature, high humidity, waterproof (rubber, tarpaulin) clothing, hard physical work, violation of the drinking regime, etc. 12.2.2. Heat and sunstroke are characterized by: general weakness, feeling hot, redness of the skin, profuse sweating, palpitations (pulse rate 100-120 beats per minute), dizziness, headache, nausea (sometimes vomiting), fever up to 38-40 °C. In severe cases, confusion or complete loss of consciousness, delirium, muscle cramps, respiratory and circulatory disorders are possible. 12.2.3. For heat and sunstroke, you need to: (01) immediately move the casualty to a cool room; (02) lay the victim on his back with a pillow under his head (clothing, etc.); (03) remove or unfasten clothing; (04) moisten the head and chest with cold water; (05) put cold packs or ice on the head (forehead, parietal region, occiput), inguinal, subclavian, popliteal, axillary regions (places of concentration of many vessels); (06) while remaining conscious, give strong cold tea or cold salted water to drink; (07) in case of respiratory and circulatory disorders, carry out the full range of resuscitation measures (artificial respiration and external heart massage). 13. First aid for pain and convulsive conditions 13.1. For pain in the heart area, helping the victim, you must: (01) create complete peace; (02) lay the patient down and raise his head; (03) give (under the tongue) a tablet of validol, nitroglycerin, sedatives; (04) urgently call for qualified medical assistance; (05) if pain persists, carry out transportation on a stretcher. 13.2. For abdominal pain not related to eating or drinking, the first aid provider should: (01) lay the victim horizontally; (02) put "cold" on the abdomen; (03) exclude: physical activity, taking fluids, food by the victim; (04) urgently call for qualified medical assistance; (05) in case of severe pain, transport the victim to the first-aid post or medical institution on a stretcher. 13.3. In a seizure (may be accompanied by loss of consciousness, foam on the lips, wheezing, involuntary urination), the first aid provider should: (01) support the patient's head; (02) insert a bandage, spoon, etc. into the oral cavity (between the teeth); (03) free from clothing the area of the neck and chest; (04) apply a cold compress to the forehead; (05) after the seizure is over, put the patient in the "on the side" position; (06) urgently call for qualified medical assistance; (07) carry out transportation on a stretcher. 14. First aid for drowning 14.1. After removing the victim from the water, the first aid provider must: (01) put the victim belly down on a bent knee so that the lower part of the chest rests on it, and the upper body and head hang down; (02) with one hand press on the chin or raise the head (so that the mouth is open) and with vigorous pressure (several times) on the back with the other hand to help remove water; (03) after stopping the flow of water, lay the victim on his back and clean the mouth; (04) start artificial respiration; (05) in the absence of a pulse, dilated pupils, perform an external heart massage; (06) when breathing occurs, bring a piece of cotton wool soaked in a solution of ammonia to the nose; (07) when conscious, give the victim a tincture of valerian (20 drops in 1/2 cup water) to drink; (08) change the victim into dry clothes, give him strong tea; (09) keep the casualty warm; (10) provide the victim with complete rest; (11) call for qualified medical assistance. 15. First aid for bites 15.1. With the bites of poisonous insects and snakes appear: dizziness, nausea, vomiting, dryness and bitter taste in the mouth, rapid pulse, shortness of breath, drowsiness (in especially severe cases, there may be convulsions, loss of consciousness and respiratory arrest). 15.2. Burning pain, redness and swelling of the skin occur at the site of the bite. 15.3. The first aid provider must: (01) lay the casualty in a horizontal position; (02) put a sterile dressing on the wound (preferably with ice); (03) fix the affected limb by bandaging it to a service splint (improvised means) or to the body; (04) give the victim a large amount of liquid (partially), 15 - 20 drops of valerian tincture in 1/2 cup of water; (05) for bites from poisonous snakes (especially cobras), in the first minutes, apply a tourniquet to the limb above the bite; (06) to monitor the condition of the victim; (07) in severe cases, urgently call for qualified medical assistance; (08) transport the casualty in the prone position. 15.4. It is forbidden: (01) cauterize the bite site; (02) give the victim alcohol; (03) suck the poison out of the wound. 15.5. The first aid provider for animal bites should: (01) treat the skin around the wound (scratch) with a solution of iodine tincture; (02) apply a sterile dressing to the wound; (03) send (accompany) the victim to a medical facility. 16. Transportation of casualties 16.1. Transportation of the victim should be as quick, safe and gentle as possible. 16.2. Depending on the type of injury and the available means (personnel, improvised), the transportation of the victims can be carried out in different ways, maintenance, carrying out, transportation by transport. 16.3. Transport the wounded up or down should always be head up. 16.4. It is necessary to lay the victim on a stretcher from the side opposite to the injured part of the body. 16.5. When transporting on a stretcher, you must: (01) ensure that the casualty is in a correct and comfortable position; (02) so that when carried on the hands, the helpers go "out of step"; (03) lift and place the injured person on the stretcher in concert (on command); (04) in case of fractures and severe injuries, do not carry the victim to the stretcher on your hands, but place the stretcher under the victim (the fracture site must be supported). 16.6. The correct position of the victims during transportation: (01) the position "lying on the back" (the victim is conscious). Recommended for wounds of the head, spine, limbs; (02) position "lying on the back with legs bent at the knees" (put a roller under the knees). Recommended for open wounds of the abdominal cavity, for fractures of the pelvic bones; (03) the position "lying on the back with the lower limbs raised and the head down". Recommended for significant blood loss and shock; (04) prone position. Recommended for spinal injuries (unconscious); (05) "semi-sitting position with outstretched legs". With neck injuries and significant injuries of the upper limbs; (06) "semi-sitting position with bent legs" (put a roller under the knees). With injuries of the genitourinary organs, intestinal obstruction and other sudden illnesses, injuries of the abdominal cavity and injuries of the chest; (07) position "on the side". Recommended for severe wounds, when the victims are unconscious; (08) "sitting position". Recommended for minor injuries of the face and upper limbs.
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