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Instructions for labor protection when working on mechanical and woodworking equipment

Occupational Safety and Health / Standard instructions for labor protection

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Safe Operation

1. General requirements for working on mechanical equipment

1.1. Specially trained persons who have passed the exam, have received certificates for the right to work on certain types of machines (turning, drilling, milling, etc.), who have undergone a medical examination and have been instructed in safe methods and methods of work, are allowed to work on the machines.

1.2. Stationary and portable machines must be operated and maintained only by those persons to whom they are assigned. It is prohibited for other persons to use the machines and work on them.

1.3. Turning off the machine is mandatory in the event of a power outage, when changing a working tool, strengthening or installing a workpiece on it, removing it from the machine, as well as when repairing, cleaning and lubricating the machine, cleaning sawdust and chips, and in emergency situations.

1.4. When processing heavy parts and workpieces (over 20 kg) on ​​machines, it is necessary to install and remove them using lifting devices or devices.

1.5. The objects processed on the machines must be firmly and securely fastened.

1.6. Machine tools should be equipped with easy-to-use safety devices with sufficiently strong glass or other transparent material to protect the eyes from chips and metal particles. These devices must be interlocked with the starting device of the machine, and structurally designed so as to ensure their convenient and quick installation in the required position.

1.7. If it is impossible for technical conditions to use a safety shield, workers must work in safety glasses.

1.8. Gears from the electric motor to the machine (belts, gears) must be guarded.

1.9. All protruding moving parts of machine tools located at a height of up to 2 m from the floor must be securely guarded.

1.10. Gears that are outside the machine and do not have special boxes must be protected on all sides.

1.11. All current-carrying parts of electric motors accessible to touch must be protected.

1.12. Current-carrying parts of starting devices for electric motors (knife switches, box switches, rheostats) must be closed.

1.13. Housings of machine tools, electric motors and starting devices must be grounded.

1.14. It is forbidden to work on faulty machines, as well as on machines with faulty or loose guards, lack of grounding.

1.15. The workplace of the machine operator should always be kept clean, well lit and not cluttered.

1.16. Removal of chips from the machine must be carried out with appropriate devices (hooks, brushes). It is forbidden to remove shavings by hand.

Cleaning chips from the working passages must be done carefully. The accumulation of chips in the working passages is not allowed.

1.17. All operating equipment must be under constant supervision by the head of the production site.

1.18. There must be no bystanders at the work site.

1.19. When working, machine operators must use overalls, special footwear and other personal protective equipment provided for by the standards.

Overalls must be tightly buttoned. Women's hair must be covered with a headdress (kerchief, beret, net, etc.) and matched to it.

1.20. When leaving the workplace (even for a short time), the machine operator must disconnect the machine from the power source.

2. Lathes

2.1. Manual filing and polishing of machined parts are not allowed. In exceptional cases, if this work is still done by hand and the parts have cutouts and grooves that fingers or the end of the saw can get into, they must be sealed with plugs.

2.2. Cleaning on the machine of workpieces with an emery cloth should be carried out using clamps (holders). It is forbidden to press the emery cloth to the part with your hands.

2.3. Rotating parts protruding beyond the machine spindle of the metal (product) being processed must be protected by fixed casings.

3. Drilling machines

3.1. When installing drills and other tools and fixtures in the machine spindle, special attention must be paid to the strength of their fastening and installation accuracy.

3.2. Chips may only be removed from the hole to be drilled after the tool has stopped and retracted.

3.3. All items intended for processing must be fixed on the table or plate of the drilling machine using a vice, conductors and other reliable devices.

3.4. To remove the tool, special hammers, punches made of a material that excludes its destruction should be used.

3.5. It is forbidden:

• accept drills with a clogged or worn shank;
• use gloves when working;
• hold the product during processing by hand.

4. Milling machines

4.1. When installing machines of horizontal and vertical types, it is necessary to protect the transmission shafts and connections by placing them in safety tubes.

4.2. The working area of ​​milling must be protected.

4.3. It is forbidden to use disk cutters with cracks or broken teeth.

5. Planers

5.1. When installing planers near a wall, it is necessary to provide between the wall and the maximum travel of the table a free passage with a width of at least 700 mm.

5.2. To prevent table impacts, it is necessary to have special safety rulers painted in bright red color on the front side of the machine, with a device for extending them to the required length, depending on the table stroke.

5.3. Correcting products and linings on the move of the machine is prohibited.

6. Grinding and sharpening machines

6.1. When installing an abrasive tool, it is necessary to install gaskets made of cardboard or other elastic material 0,5 - 1 mm thick between the flanges and the circle. Gaskets must protrude beyond the flange around the entire circumference by at least 1 mm.

6.2. Before starting work, a wheel mounted on a grinding machine must be checked on the go (idle) at a working speed: a wheel with a diameter of up to 400 mm - at least 2 minutes, over 400 mm - at least 5 minutes.

6.3. Work can be started provided that the circle turned out to be strong and does not have a beat. The runout of the grinding machine spindle should not exceed 0,03 mm.

6.4. Editing of circles is carried out with diamond pencils, metal rollers, ceramic-metal discs, only by specially trained workers.

6.5. It is forbidden:

• to edit circles with a chisel or some other tool;
• when processing products with a grinding wheel, use levers to increase the pressure on the wheel;
• use coolants that are harmful to the skin of workers, as well as to a bunch of circles;
• perform work with the side (end) surfaces of the circles, not specially designed for this type of work.

6.6. When working circles with the use of coolant, the latter must continuously wash the circle over its entire working surface and be removed in a timely manner so that the circle does not remain immersed in the liquid; an exception is allowed only when working on machines specially adapted for cutting parts immersed in liquid.

6.7. With a decrease in the diameter of the circle due to its operation, the number of revolutions of the circle can be increased, but in such a way that the circumferential speed allowed for this circle is not exceeded.

6.8. For each machine in a conspicuous place, the number of revolutions per minute of the spindle on which the wheel is mounted must be indicated.

6.9. In enterprises where abrasive tools are used, instructions should be developed:

• installation and operation of abrasive tools;
• for testing circles for strength.

6.10. To support products fed to the grinding, grinding wheel by hand, handholds or devices replacing them should be used. Handstands must be movable, allowing them to be installed in the required position as the circle is triggered.

6.11. The gap between the edge of the handpiece and the working surface of the circle should be less than half the thickness of the workpiece, but not more than 3 mm, and the edge of the handpiece from the side of the circle should not have potholes, chips and other defects.

6.12. After each rearrangement, the handbrake must be securely fixed in the desired position. The handpiece is changed only after the rotation of the abrasive wheel stops.

6.13. Grinding (grinding) machines, when working without cooling, must be equipped with a dust extraction device.

6.14. Abrasive wheels during operation must be protected by protective covers. It is forbidden to work without a protective cover.

6.15. To protect the eyes of workers from flying small particles of the circle, protective movable screens made of safety glass should be installed on the machines. In their absence, workers must wear protective goggles. The design of the screen should allow for convenient and quick installation in the required position.

6.16. Wheels that have undergone any mechanical alteration, chemical treatment, as well as the warranty period of which has expired, must be re-tested for mechanical strength immediately before installation on the grinding machine.

6.17. The test of wheels for mechanical strength should be carried out in chambers on stands specially designed for this purpose.

6.18. Data on testing circles must be entered in a special book.

6.19. On each circle that passed the test (on its non-working part), an appropriate mark should be made with paint or a special label should be pasted indicating the serial number of the test, the date of the test and a legible signature of the person responsible for the tests.

7. Safety requirements when working on woodworking equipment

7.1. All woodworking machines and mechanisms must have devices and devices that exclude: the possibility of contact with moving parts or the working tool of the machine, the departure of the cutting tool or its parts, as well as other parts, the ingress of particles of the processed material thrown by the cutting tool into the machine operator, exceeding the maximum permissible values vibration and noise, injury to the machine operator when installing and changing the cutting tool.

7.2. Each machine must be equipped with a reliable braking device that ensures that it stops within 2 to 6 seconds from the moment the engine is turned off. The brake must be interlocked with the starting device so that the possibility of braking when the engine is not turned off is excluded.

7.3. Machine tools with both manual and mechanical feed, during the operation of which it is possible to reject the workpiece and waste from it with a cutting tool, must have special devices that exclude their ejection (jammed gear sectors, claws, pointed fingers, scallops, curtains, shields).

7.4. When processing parts on machines in templates or clamps, the latter are provided with reliable clamps and handles.

7.5. The working surfaces of tables, ruler guides, templates must be smooth, without potholes, cracks and other defects.

7.6. Workers must be provided with devices and equipment for cleaning machines, mechanisms and cleaning workplaces. Cleaning of machines, workplaces and clothes from sawdust and dust with compressed air is prohibited.

7.7. The use of machines and mechanisms for work that does not correspond to their intended purpose is prohibited.

7.8. When processing workpieces longer than 2 meters in front and behind the machine, stops should be installed in the form of frames or tables (rollers) with rollers.

7.9. It is strictly forbidden for the machine operator to be against the end of the timber fed into the machine, the accidental release of which is extremely dangerous. Work on the machines should be in protective glasses. It is forbidden to work in mittens and gloves.

8. Milling machines

8.1. Milling of bars, boards and other blanks having a rectilinear shape should be carried out only along the guide ruler using devices that press the blank to the ruler and prevent it from being ejected from the machine. Material less than 0,5 m long should be fed to the cutting tool using a pusher block. For non-through milling of products or workpieces, limit stops must be attached to the guide ruler in accordance with the specified length of the material being processed.

8.2. Milling of metal with a cross section of 4 x 4 cm or less should be carried out in special devices with clamps and handles.

8.3. When curvilinear milling of profile parts, devices (sleds, templates, etc.) should be used that press the product or workpiece against the table in vertical and horizontal directions.

8.4. The material being processed must be brought to the cutting tool smoothly, without shocks and evenly, avoiding overloading the machine. When curvilinear milling, do not allow the cutter to move in the direction against the layer of wood.

8.5. The machine operator is obliged to systematically check the reliability of the fastening of the knives (or the reliability of welding of the cutters of the cutting tool) and the absence of vibration of the machine.

8.6. A machine operator working on a milling machine is prohibited from:

• when the machine stops, slow down the spindle, pressing the bar against it;
• accept for processing timber with nails, staples and metal objects, as well as contaminated, icy or having large cuts in the milling areas;
• work with an unenclosed cutting tool;
• work if the knives of the milling head protrude outward by more than 3 mm;
• cut through the wooden guide ruler;
• mill short parts on the machine (less than 0,5 m long), holding them with your hands, as well as more than one part at a time;
• leave the machine turned on unattended;
• allow the accumulation of a large amount of chips and other waste near the machine;
• allow unauthorized persons to work who are not entrusted with its maintenance;
• process large parts on the machine for which the machine is not designed (door leaf, window sash).

9. Jointers

9.1. Timber, the width of which is less than the width of the machine table, must be planed only along the guide ruler. Workpieces with a length of less than 500 mm or a width of less than 50 mm, as well as a thickness of less than 30 mm, when manually fed, can only be processed using special pusher blocks. At the same time planing thin and short parts (sticks) is only allowed with the use of a clamping device.

9.2. During the operation of the machine, it is necessary to ensure that the spring of the guard is adjusted and has the necessary tension.

9.3. The machine operator must ensure that the material is free of dirt, ice, concrete, mortar, nails and staples before processing.

9.4. It is allowed to feed the machined material to the machine when the knife shaft will operate at full speed; material should be fed to the cutting tool smoothly and evenly, avoiding overloading the machine.

9.5. It is forbidden to start work on a planer, which has the following malfunctions:

• the edges of the table facing the knife gap are crumbled and have a jagged shape;
• if the knives protrude from the knife shaft by more than 3 mm;
• the guide ruler is uneven, has cracks or gouges, and also if it is not securely attached to the table;
• the knife shaft guard is defective or not present at all.

9.6. A machine operator working on a planer is prohibited from:

• use unsharpened (blunt) knives;
• to process wood with large or dropping knots, to process parts of a shaped curved surface or uncleaned from dirt, ice and fasteners;
• carry timber over the turned on (working) machine;
• keep hands directly over the rotating knife shaft;
• allow the accumulation of a large amount of chips and other waste near the machine;
• allow unauthorized persons to work on the machine, who are not entrusted with servicing it;
• process large parts on the machine for which the machine is not designed (door leafs, window sashes).

10. Circular saw

10.1. Before sawing wood, make sure that there are no nails or staples in it. It is forbidden to accept for processing material with uncut branches, large clearings, icy, covered with a layer of concrete or mortar.

10.2. The material to the saw blade should be fed smoothly, without jerks, in order to avoid breakage of the cutting tool. To finish the workpiece, for safety reasons, the machine operator must use a manual pusher.

10.3. When ripping timber longer than 2 meters, it is necessary to use stops in front and behind the machine.

10.4. The machine operator must ensure that the assistant worker only accepts the already sawn material. It is forbidden to drag it towards you during sawing.

It is necessary with extreme caution and with slow feed to cut longitudinally heterogeneous wood (oblique layer, tortuosity, large knots). For sawing glued or pressed wood it is necessary to use a special disc.

10.5. It is forbidden to start working on a circular saw that has the following malfunctions:

• the saw blade is not protected by a casing above the table and a shell under the table;
• the machine for longitudinal sawing does not have special devices (riving knife and retaining fingers) that prevent the workpiece from being thrown back;
• the slot for the saw blade in the machine table has a width of more than 10 mm, and the blade itself protrudes above the surface of the material being processed by less than 50 mm;
• the guide ruler is removed from the machine table;
• the riving knife is installed at a distance of more than 10 mm from the saw blade, and also if the height of the knife is insufficient (less than the height of the saw blade).

11. Safety requirements for equipment, tools and fixtures

11.1. The culling of tools and fixtures must be carried out in accordance with the established schedule, but at least once a month.

11.2. Hand tools (hammers, chisels, punches, etc.) must not have:

• damage (potholes, chips) on working surfaces;
• burrs and chips on the side faces in places where they are clamped by hand;
• burrs and cracks on the surface of tool handles;
• the surface must be smooth;
• the length of the chisel, kreymessel, beard, core is more than 150 mm;
• overheated work surface;
• hammers and sledgehammers must be securely mounted on wooden handles and wedged with pointed metal wedges;
• it is forbidden to use a file, a chisel and other tools without a wooden handle or with a poorly reinforced one, as well as with a faulty handle or without a metal ring on it.

11.3. Wrenches must be selected according to the size of the nuts and bolts. It is not allowed to work with wrenches with non-parallel, worn jaws.

11.4. It is forbidden to unscrew the nuts with large wrenches with laying metal plates between the faces of the nut and the wrench, as well as lengthening the wrench handle by attaching another wrench or pipe.

11.5. When working with chisels and other tools for cutting metal, workers must be provided with goggles.

11.6. Before starting work, check all tools, replace faulty tools.

11.7. Power tools should be issued to the worker only after a preliminary check, together with protective devices (rubber gloves, rugs, dielectric galoshes).

11.8. It is forbidden to use an electric tool with faulty insulation of live parts or in the absence of a grounding device.

11.9. When working with a portable electric tool with a voltage higher than 12 W, dielectric gloves, rugs, galoshes, and coasters should be used.

11.10. As a connecting wire for an electric tool, it is allowed to use a hose wire or stranded flexible wires of the PRG type with insulation rated for a voltage of at least 500 W.

11.11. During breaks in work, as well as when the current is turned off in the mains supply, equipment and electrical tools must be disconnected from the mains.

11.12. Do not hold an electric tool by the cord or touch the rotating parts with your hand until they stop.

11.13. When working with a pneumatic tool, it is only allowed to supply air after the tool is in working position.

11.14. Pneumatic tool hoses may only be connected and disconnected after the air supply has been switched off.

11.15. Blowtorches, electric and pneumatic tools are allowed to be issued only to persons who have been instructed and who know the rules for handling them.

11.16. Electric hoists and telphers must have serviceable limit switches and maximum load limiters that ensure safe operation.

11.17. Hoisting and transport devices (cranes, hoists, telphers, etc.), load-handling devices must undergo a technical examination in accordance with the Rules for the Construction and Safe Operation of Hoisting Cranes, have plates with registration number, date of subsequent testing and permissible load capacity.

11.18. Workbenches must be of a rigid and strong construction and be sufficiently stable. The upper shield of the workbench is upholstered with iron. When upholstered, do not leave protruding edges of iron and sharp corners; the screws for fastening the top shields must be with a countersunk head. The allowable width of the workbench is at least 0,7 meters.

11.19. To protect against flying metal particles, safety nets with cells of no more than 3 mm or shields of at least 1 meter must be installed on workbenches.

11.20. For double-sided work on a workbench, such nets or shields are placed in the middle along the workbench. The distance between the vise on workbenches is taken in accordance with the size of the workpieces, but not less than 1 meter between the axes of the vise. It is necessary that the vise provides a reliable clamping of the object.

Annex No. 1. Warning sign "Caution! Laser radiation!" GOST 12.4.026-76

The laser hazard symbol is a warning and is intended to draw attention to objects of potential and (or) actual danger of harmful effects of laser radiation on people.

The laser hazard sign must have the shape and dimensions corresponding to the specified GOST, and be an equilateral yellow triangle, apex up with a symbolic image of laser radiation and a black frame around the perimeter, as well as an additional yellow or white plate.

Signs are installed on the doors of rooms where work with lasers is carried out, at laser installations and near hazardous areas of laser radiation.

Appendix No. 2. Warning sign of radiation hazard GOST 17925-72

The sign of radiation hazard is a warning and is intended to draw attention to objects of potential and (or) actual danger of harmful effects of ionizing radiation on people.

The sign of radiation hazard must have the shape and dimensions corresponding to the specified GOST, and be an equilateral triangle of yellow color, apex up with a symbolic image of ionizing radiation in the form of a circle and three petals and a red frame around the perimeter.

Black coloration of the inner circle, three petals and a border of a triangle is allowed, if the sign is used on objects painted in colors similar to red and yellow, and for marking transport packaging sets.

In the place indicated in the figure, if necessary, it is allowed to place signatures explaining or additionally warning about the danger, for example, "Class I work", "Class II work", "Class III work", "Gamma radiation", "Neutron source", "Radioactivity ", etc., and it is also allowed to apply vertical red stripes indicating transport categories; "III class of works".

Signs are installed on the doors of rooms where work is carried out with objects of ionizing radiation, at installations and near hazardous radiation zones.

Annex No. 3. Biohazard Warning Sign. WHO standards, "Sanitary rules" SP-1.2.011-94

The sign of biological hazard is a warning and is intended to draw attention to objects of potential and (or) actual danger of harmful effects on people of biological environments of organisms.

The sign is an equilateral yellow triangle with its apex up, with a symbolic image of a biological object and a black frame around the outline.

The label may indicate the object of biological hazard. Signs are installed on the doors of rooms where work is carried out with objects of biological hazard, as well as on cages, containers and installations containing these objects.

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