Risk assessment. Occupational Safety and Health

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
Free library / Occupational Safety and Health

Risk assessment. Occupational Safety and Health

Occupational Safety and Health

Occupational Safety and Health / Legislative basis for labor protection

A comprehensive risk (and thus safety) assessment is essential for active intervention in the process of managing safety at work.

Complex risk assessment methods should be adequate to the requirements of the tasks being solved and the initial information that can be obtained for the assessment. This approach to ensuring safe working conditions in every workplace was developed and became known as Risk assessment - risk assessment or risk assessment.

GOST R 51901.1-2002 "Risk management. Risk analysis of technological systems" (well translated from English) speaks quite clearly about risk analysis as a GENERAL PROCEDURE for the systematic use of information to determine the sources and significance of risk. Risk analysis provides the basis for risk assessment, risk mitigation and risk acceptance.

Background information plays an important role in risk analysis. Depending on the stage at which the risk assessment is performed, the following can be used as input:

statistical data on the frequency and nature of manifestations of danger and (or) their consequences in the form of injuries and diseases for various departments, operations, jobs, professions, etc. (We emphasize that statistical data become reliable with a large observation interval (for 5- 10 years) and/or when supervising large contingents of workers (5000-10000).

state regulatory requirements for labor protection, hygiene standards, etc.;

basic indicators of occupational injuries and occupational morbidity for a given type of economic activity or similar enterprises or industries or similar enterprises;

Note that the role of risk assessment at workplaces in the countries of the European Union is performed for enterprises of the Russian Federation by attestation of workplaces in terms of working conditions. Having completed the assessment and analysis of hazards and risks, having found out whether the risk is tolerable (acceptable) or unacceptably high, you can begin to plan (and then implement) measures to reduce the risk to an acceptable level.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of ensuring safe working conditions. process c, can be produced by generalized indicators of the risk of injury (injury hazard) and (and) the risk of occupational disease, or other, including generalized (integral) indicators

From a theoretical point of view, it is most logical to use the relative frequency of injury, calculated as the number of injuries per man-hour of direct work of one or another type of work, to assess the level of, for example, injuries.

In practice, they use similar, but much simpler, and therefore not entirely accurate indicators for detailed analysis.

The relative frequency of injury, calculated as the number of injuries (accidents) for a period of full working time (all workers), is closest to the theoretical ideal.

As such a time period, either 1 million hours of work or a year is most often taken. For very rare events, it is convenient to take a time period of 10 years.

In our country, to assess the state and dynamics of industrial injuries, the frequency and severity of accidents are most often used.

Injury frequency coefficient K_ч determines the number of accidents per 1000 average employees for a certain calendar period (month, quarter, year): K_ч \u1000d XNUMX (T / P), where T is the number of injuries (accidents) for a certain (usually reporting) period; P - the average number of employees for the same period.

Injury severity coefficient K_т characterizes the average duration of disability per one accident: K_т \uXNUMXd D / T, where D is the total number of working days of disability for all injuries (accidents) for a certain (usually reporting) period, calculated on sick leave sheets; T - the number of injuries (accidents) for the same period.

Note that the severity coefficient does not fully characterize the real "severity" of injuries, because it does not take into account fatal injuries and many microtraumas. To better take into account the proportion of fatal injuries, it is possible, as is done in some cases in Western countries, to conditionally assume that a fatal injury is equivalent to the loss of 35 years of working capacity.

Multiplying the coefficients of frequency and severity of injuries, we get another, but rarely used, injury indicator - the disability rate:

К_н = 1000 (D/R).

Using the same ideas, it is still customary abroad to use 100 workers or persons of the economically active population as a base. With such a base, the frequency coefficient always turns out to be an integer, which is easier to understand. For example, in the countries of the European Union, the frequency of fatal injuries is about 000 (i.e. 3 people per 3 workers), in the USA - about 100 (i.e. 000 people per 4), in our country - about 4 (t .e. 100 people per 000 employees).

Injury rates make it possible to describe the nature of injuries at various workplaces, in individual structural divisions, organizations, industries, territories, in the country as a whole, and their statistical processing, carried out on various grounds, to analyze injuries and determine priority areas for further work on it. prevention.

When assessing the risk, it should be remembered that the safety of the production process is determined by the properties of both individual elements and the entire system as a whole. In accordance with the systems approach, along with assessing the level of security of the system as a whole, it is important to identify the role each element of the system plays in ensuring this level.

Authors: Fainburg G.Z., Ovsyankin A.D., Potemkin V.I.

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