Features of labor protection of youth. Occupational Safety and Health

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
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Features of labor protection of youth. Occupational Safety and Health

Occupational Safety and Health

Occupational Safety and Health / Legislative basis for labor protection

Youth labor legally defined in the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. Adolescents and youth (persons under 18 years of age) also have the right to special labor safety conditions (Chapter 42 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

According to current legislation:

concluding an employment contract is allowed with persons who have reached the age of 16 years (Article 63 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation);
It is prohibited to use the labor of persons under 18 years of age in heavy work and in work with harmful or dangerous working conditions, as well as in underground work (Article 265 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation);
it is prohibited to engage workers under 18 years of age in night, overtime and weekend work (Article 268 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation);
workers under the age of 18 are subject to an annual compulsory medical examination (Article 266 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation);
all persons under 21 years of age are hired only after a preliminary medical examination (Article 266 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation);
annual leave for employees under 18 years of age is granted for a duration of 31 calendar days at a time convenient for them (Article 267 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 25, 2000 No. 163 “On approval of the list of heavy work and work with harmful or dangerous working conditions, during which the employment of persons under eighteen years of age is prohibited” regulates the work of young people under unfavorable working conditions.

An important element of the labor education system is the socially useful work of students. The content of students' socially useful work is also determined taking into account their age and health.

The main areas of work of students are:

improvement and landscaping of the territory of an educational institution;
work on a personal plot;
measures for nature protection;
self-service (work performed for school), etc.

At the same time, certain types of work that are dangerous to the health and life of students are prohibited. Students should not be involved in work involving heavy physical activity that is inappropriate for their age. For example, children in grades 1-4 are prohibited from washing floors and curtains. Teenagers in grades 5-9 are prohibited from loading and unloading heavy objects, clearing the roof of snow, clearing the area around the institution from snow and ice, washing and wiping lighting fixtures, washing window glass on any floor of the building, excavation and construction work, cleaning bathrooms and washrooms. , cleaning and garbage removal.

Resolution of the Ministry of Labor of Russia dated April 7, 1999 No. 7 regulates the norms of maximum permissible loads for persons under 18 years of age when lifting and moving heavy objects manually (Table 1).

Table 1. Maximum permissible load standards for persons under 18 years of age

Indicators of the severity of labor	Young men				Girls
Indicators of the severity of labor	14 years	15 years	16 years	17 years	14 years	15 years	16 years	17 years
Lifting and manually moving loads continuously during a work shift, kg	3	3	4	4	2	2	3	3
Lifting and moving loads manually for no more than 1/3 of a work shift, kg:
constantly (more than 2 times per hour)	6	7	11	13	3	4	5	6
when alternating with other work (up to 2 times per hour)	12	15	20	24	4	5	7	8
Total mass of cargo moved during a shift, kg:
lifting from work surface	400	500	1000	1500	180	200	400	500
lifting from the floor	200	250	500	700	90	100	200	250

SanPiN 2.4.6.664-97 "Hygienic criteria for acceptable conditions and types of work for vocational training and work of adolescents" contain list of conditions and types of work for which industrial training of adolescents under 18 years of age is prohibited.

A. Particularly harmful conditions

1. Harmful chemicals (obtained and used in open form):

extremely dangerous and highly dangerous, hazard class 1 and 2;
having a carcinogenic effect;
capable of causing allergic diseases in industrial conditions;
aerosols with a pronounced fibrogenic effect, having a maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of 2 mg/m3;
substances with a highly targeted mechanism of action; irritating substances.

2. Work with vibration equipment and vibrating tools.

3. Working with lasers of hazard class 2-4.

4. Ionizing radiation (all types of work with radioactive substances and sources of ionizing radiation).

5. Working with ultrasound during contact transmission.

6. Work with pathogens of infectious diseases, with infected materials and materials contaminated with helminths, work with blood and laboratory work on the study of tumors.

7. Serving tuberculosis, infectious and dermatological and venereal patients.

8. Work with narcotic, psychotropic, sleeping pills.

9. Working with poisonous and potent plants and medicinal raw materials (plants and raw materials belonging to list B).

10. Work related to the processing and production of tobacco and tobacco products.

11. Work related to the production of ethyl alcohol and the production of alcoholic beverages.

B. Work with an increased risk of injury

1. Work with explosive substances.

2. Work on the production, processing and direct use of flammable substances.

3. Work under voltage of 127 V and above.

4. Climbing work, all work at height.

5. Work in caissons, pressure chambers, diving work.

6. Working with equipment under pressure above atmospheric.

7. Work underground.

8. Work on servicing mechanisms with open moving parts (transmissions, conveyors, winches, chains, etc.).

B. Work associated with heaviness and high intensity

1. All work involving the transfer of weights exceeding the standards for teenagers or occupying more than 1/3 of the working day.

2. Night shift work, overtime work, weekend work.

3. Chord or other work with a maximum rate of labor, with special pay.

D. Work that can have a negative impact on mental and moral state

1. Work with corpses and cadaveric material (in morgues, autopsy rooms, crematoria, cemeteries, production of visual aids).

2. Work on slaughtering livestock, catching and destroying animals, processing animal corpses.

3. Work in psychiatric hospitals, boarding schools, dispensaries, including departments for the treatment of drug addiction patients in other medical institutions, work in hospices.

Notes.

1. The optimal and permissible (1 and 2) classes of working conditions are acceptable for the use of adolescent labor.

2. Adolescents may be admitted to types of work and professions that meet the above requirements for independent work from the age of 15 and employment in their free time from school from the age of 14.

3. For types and conditions of work classified as prohibited for independent work, industrial training and practice may be allowed while reducing the time of exposure to harmful production factors and limiting their intensity. Wherein:

working conditions should not exceed class 3.1 in terms of harmfulness;
Students who have reached the age of 16 and have passed a medical examination in accordance with current regulations are allowed to practice;
The working day should not exceed 1/2 the working day of adult workers.

The regulation on the organization of socially useful, productive labor of students in secondary schools, approved by order of the USSR Ministry of Education dated May 11, 1985 No. 81, indicates Duration of work of secondary school students during holidays as part of labor associations and in camps:

for students in grades 2-4 - up to 2 hours a day;
for students in grades 5-7 - up to 3 hours a day;
for students in grades 8-9 - up to 4 hours a day;
for students in grades 10-11 - up to 6 hours a day.

Duration of annual work practice for secondary school students:

for students in grades 5-7 - 10 days, 3 hours a day;
for students in grades 8-9 - 16 days, 4 hours a day;
for students in grades 10-11 - 20 days, 6 hours a day.

Regulations on the procedure and conditions for voluntary work of students of general education and vocational schools in their free time from school, approved by Resolution of the State Committee for Labor and the State Committee for Public Education dated June 3, 1988 No. 343/90-01-490/2 5-01/17- 30/43/34-a regulates Duration of work of secondary school students in their free time from school:

for students from 14 to 16 years old - 12 hours per week and up to 2 hours per day; for students from 16 to 18 years old - 18 hours per week and up to 3 hours per day; during the holidays:
for students from 14 to 16 years old - 24 hours a week and up to 4 hours a day; for students from 16 to 18 years old - 36 hours per week and up to 6 hours per day.

Note. When rationing student work, one should proceed from the hourly production rate of adults. At the same time, for adolescents under 16 years of age, the hourly rate should not exceed 60% of the hourly rate of adults, for adolescents from 16 to 18 years old - 75%.

Authors: Volkhin S.N., Petrova S.P., Petrov V.P.

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