Occupational diseases and their classification. Occupational Safety and Health

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
Free library / Occupational Safety and Health

Occupational diseases and their classification. Occupational Safety and Health

Occupational Safety and Health

Occupational Safety and Health / Legislative basis for labor protection

The threat of a disease that has developed due to working conditions at work cannot be completely excluded in any enterprise, in any organization or institution. Of course, different workers are at varying degrees of risk of getting a particular disease due to working conditions in their workplace. It depends on the type of labor activity, the characteristics of a particular enterprise, as well as on the level of preparedness and security of workplaces in accordance with labor protection requirements.

Occupational diseases arise as a result of a specific impact on the body of adverse factors of the production environment. However, their clinical manifestations often do not have specific symptoms, and only information about the working conditions of the sick person allows us to establish that the identified pathology belongs to the category of occupational diseases. And only some of the occupational diseases are characterized by a special symptom complex due to peculiar radiological, functional, hematological and biochemical changes.

There is no generally accepted classification of occupational diseases. The classification according to the etiological (i.e., due to the main influencing factor) principle has received the greatest recognition.

Based on this, it is five groups of occupational diseases:

1) The first group - occupational diseases caused by exposure to chemical factors (acute and chronic intoxications, as well as their consequences, occurring with isolated or combined damage to various organs and systems);

2) The second group - occupational diseases caused by exposure to dust (pneumoconiosis-silicosis, silicatoses, metalconiosis, pneumoconiosis of electric welders and gas cutters, grinders, emery workers, etc.);

3) The third group - occupational diseases caused by exposure to physical factors: vibration disease; diseases associated with exposure to contact ultrasound - vegetative polyneuritis; hearing loss by the type of cochlear neuritis - noise disease; diseases associated with exposure to electromagnetic radiation and scattered laser radiation; exposure to ionizing radiation: radiation sickness; caused by a significant and relatively rapid change in atmospheric pressure: decompression sickness, acute hypoxia; caused by unfavorable meteorological (microclimatic) conditions - overheating, convulsive illness, obliterating endarteritis, vegetative-sensitive polyneuritis;

4) The fourth group - occupational diseases caused by overexertion: diseases of peripheral nerves and muscles - neuritis, radiculopolyneuritis, vegetative-sensitive polyneuritis, cervico-brachial plexitis, vegetomiofaocytes, myofasciitis; diseases of the musculoskeletal system - chronic tendovaginitis, stenosing ligamentitis, bursitis, shoulder ericondylitis, deforming arthrosis; coordinating neurosis - writing spasm, other forms of functional dyskinesia; diseases of the vocal apparatus - phonasthenia and the organ of vision - asthenopia and myopia;

5) The fifth group - occupational diseases caused by the action of biological factors: infectious and parasitic - tuberculosis, brucellosis, glanders, anthrax, dysbacteriosis, candidiasis of the skin and mucous membranes, visceral candidiasis, etc.

Outside this etiological systematics are occupational allergic diseases (conjunctivitis, diseases of the upper respiratory tract, bronchial asthma, dermatitis, eczema), which form the sixth group, and oncological diseases (tumors of the skin, bladder, liver, cancer of the upper respiratory tract), which form the seventh group of the active List of occupational diseases.

On the nature of the flow distinguish between acute and chronic occupational diseases.

Acute occupational disease (intoxication) occurs suddenly, after a single (during no more than one working day, one work shift) exposure to relatively high concentrations of chemicals contained in the air of the working area, as well as levels and doses of other adverse factors and entails temporary or permanent disability.

Chronic occupational disease arises as a result of a long-term systematic impact on the body of adverse factors and entails temporary or permanent disability.

Authors: Fainburg G.Z., Ovsyankin A.D., Potemkin V.I.

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