Safe operation of tools, fixtures and equipment, vehicles, safety and protective devices. Occupational Safety and Health

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
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Safe operation of tools, fixtures and equipment, vehicles, safety and protective devices. Occupational Safety and Health

Occupational Safety and Health

Occupational Safety and Health / Legislative basis for labor protection

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In addition to the safe operation of the equipment, an important role is played by safe tool operationfor which it must be correct. All workers should be aware that it is very dangerous to work with a faulty tool, and therefore such work is prohibited. Therefore, the tool economy of any enterprise, site must be organized in such a way that only serviceable tools are issued to workers. This is achieved by systematic and timely inspection, testing, repair and sharpening. It is forbidden to issue a faulty instrument from the tool room, as well as to work with it.

Hygienic requirements for hand tools and organization of work must comply with the requirements of SanPiN 2.2.2.540-96 "Hygienic requirements for hand tools and organization of work." To work with electrified, pneumatic and pyrotechnic tools, persons who have undergone industrial training and have an appropriate certificate for the right to use the tool may be admitted. At the same time, electrified and pneumatic tools must be periodically tested by qualified personnel with a note about this in a special journal. It is forbidden to work with such a tool from ladders. Only an electrician should connect or disconnect auxiliary equipment (step-down transformers, current frequency converters, circuit breakers). Tools with cables and hoses must be stored indoors outside of working hours.

When working with pneumatic tools the following rules must be observed:

the air supply must be turned on only after the tool is installed in the working room;
idling of the pneumatic tool should not be allowed;
it is not allowed to hold and carry the tool by the hose or working part;
supervision over the change of working equipment, its lubrication, pointing, repair, adjustment, change of parts must be entrusted only to a person specially designated for this;
work with pneumatic tools is allowed only when the worker is in a stable position.

Permission for (work permit) work with a construction and assembly gun by the chief engineer or a person entitled to do so. Pistols and cartridges for them are issued to workers after they present a certificate for the right to use a pistol and a work permit for work. Pistols must be stored in a warehouse in separate sealed (sealed) steel cabinets (boxes). A record of the check by the head of the storage conditions, condition, serviceability and completeness of the pistols should be made in the book for registering the acceptance and issuance of pistols. An inventory of pistols should be carried out quarterly by the chief mechanic service.

Hand tools must be operated in accordance with the operating document of the manufacturer. The sharp parts of a hand tool, when carrying or transporting it, must be secured with special covers. Percussion instruments (chisels, barbs, etc.) should not have: cracks, burrs, irregularities in the back of the head. Wooden handles of hand tools must be made of hardwood and not have cracks, chips, etc. Wooden handles of percussion instruments (axes, hammers, sledgehammers, pickaxes, etc.) must be of oval section with a thickened free end. The end on which the tool is mounted must be wedged with a metal wedge. On the wooden handles of pressure tools (chisels, files, chisels, etc.), metal rings must be mounted at the joints.

Wrenches must match the dimensions of the nuts and bolt heads. Sponges of the keys must be parallel and not have cracks in the bottoms.

In addition to the listed safety requirements, all tools and the organization of work with them must comply with the requirements of sanitary rules and norms SanPiN 2.2.2.540-96 "Hygienic requirements for hand tools and organization of work."

At the same time, taking into account the specifics of the work performed, all workers must be provided with certified personal protective equipment.

To ensure the convenience of work and the safety of workers, various devices that are not involved in the technological process are widely used. The safety requirements for the design of devices and safe operation are determined by GOST 12.2.003-91 "Production equipment. General safety requirements", GOST 12.2.029-88 "Machine devices. Safety requirements" and a number of other regulatory and technical documents. These devices are actually means of collective protection against the action of (mainly mechanical) factors.

One of the main requirements for devices is that they should not be a source of hazardous and harmful production factors. In addition, devices used in explosive areas must be made of materials that exclude the possibility of sparking during their use.

Devices include ladders, ladders - step-ladders, ladders, bridges, scaffolding, scaffolding, gangways, sleds, rolls, hanging platforms, cradles, various machine tools (conductors, cartridges, faceplates, magnetic plates, mandrels), etc.

Additional safety requirements not provided for by the above-mentioned standards should be provided for in working drawings, in text documents for the manufacture, operation and repair of devices.

Technical protective devices are used as a means of collective protection of workers from the action of dangerous and harmful production factors.

According to the principle of operation and design devices are divided (GOST 12.4.125-83 SSBT "Means of collective protection of workers from mechanical factors. Classification") into the following types:

protective;
safety (blocking and restrictive);
brake;
automatic control and signaling;
remote control;
safety signs.

Protective devices are installed between a hazardous production factor and workers. These include shields, screens, casings, visors, slats, etc. According to the installation method, they are designed as stationary, mobile, folding, removable.

The main requirements for the design and use are contained in GOST 12.2.062-81 * SSBT "Production equipment. Protective fences". Fences can be made solid and non-solid (mesh, lattice, perforated).

Safety devices are designed to eliminate a hazardous production factor at the source of its occurrence. They are divided into blocking and restrictive.

Locking devices are triggered by erroneous actions of the worker. According to the principle of operation, blocking devices are divided into mechanical, electrical, electromagnetic, hydraulic, optical, combined and others.

Limiting devices are triggered in case of violation of the parameters of the technological process or the operating mode of the technological equipment. By design, they are divided into: couplings, pins, valves, keys, membranes, springs, bellows and washers.

Braking devices are designed to slow down and install production equipment in the event of a hazardous production factor. By design, they are divided into shoe, disk, conical and wedge. By way of operation: manual, automatic and semi-automatic. By appointment - working, reserve, parking and emergency braking.

Automatic control and signaling devices are designed to control the transmission and reproduction of information (color, sound, light, etc.) in order to attract the attention of workers and make decisions when a hazardous production factor appears or may occur. According to the method of operation on - automatic and semi-automatic. By the nature of the signal - sound, color, symbolic and combined. By the nature of the signal - constant and pulsating. The remote control device is designed to control the production control outside the hazardous area. By design, they can be stationary and mobile.

Safety signs are subdivided according to GOST R 12.4.026-2001 "Signal colors, safety signs and signal markings. Purpose and application rules. General technical requirements and characteristics. Test methods."

Note that at hazardous production facilities, it is mandatory to use and maintain in good condition emergency protection equipment, as well as alarms.

Authors: Fainburg G.Z., Ovsyankin A.D., Potemkin V.I.

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