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OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
Industrial sanitation, occupational health and personal hygiene. Occupational Safety and Health
Occupational Safety and Health / Legislative basis for labor protection Human labor activity takes place in a different production environment, an important characteristic of which are sanitary and hygienic conditions. The influence of sanitary and hygienic conditions and the labor processes themselves on human health and their performance is studied by a science called "Labor Hygiene". Occupational health establishes norms and requirements, the fulfillment of which is necessary to create healthy working conditions. The practical use of the results of occupational health research is part of the task industrial sanitation, which considers the issues of arrangement, equipment and maintenance of industrial premises and enterprises in general. It establishes requirements for industrial premises, territory, planning of settlements. With regard to industrial premises, industrial sanitation develops requirements for heating, lighting, ventilation, etc. In addition to occupational health, it is necessary to observe personal hygiene. In a narrow sense, personal hygiene includes adherence to the regime of the day, nutrition, work and rest, as well as hygienic care for the skin of the body, hygienic maintenance of underwear and bed linen, outerwear, shoes and other items of household and industrial environment. Compliance with the rules of personal hygiene is of great importance to prevent illness and injury. Violation of the rules of personal hygiene can affect not only the health of this person, but also the health of others, and cause the spread of infectious diseases, poisoning, and even accidents. When creating healthy and favorable working conditions, various sanitary standards. According to the sanitary design standards for the construction of production facilities, a site is selected with a relatively flat surface and a certain slope for the flow of melt and rainwater. The groundwater level should be below the depth of trenches, basements, etc. Production sites should be located taking into account natural water sources, existing roads and power lines. The production complex should be located lower in relief and on the leeward side of the prevailing winds in this area from housing and public buildings, taking into account the organization sanitary protection zone, necessary to prevent the spread or introduction of pathogens of infectious diseases and harmful production factors from outside, as well as to create a better microclimate. The sanitary protection zone is created not only between the settlement and the production complex, but also between the individual production facilities of the complex (around them). The size of the sanitary protection zone depends on the type of production. On the production area buildings are built at a certain distance from each other to create natural lighting, ventilation, further expansion of production, as well as to isolate, for example, production that is dangerous in terms of fire. On the production area, roads, fire entrances, footpaths are arranged and green spaces are planted, especially around buildings with harmful production conditions. Auxiliary premises are located near production facilities, but no closer than 12 m. Usually, the distances between buildings are taken equal to the height of opposite buildings (to the eaves). The sanitary protection zone cannot be used as a recreation area and for equipping sports grounds on it. According to Art. 16 of the Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Labor Protection in the Russian Federation", projects for the construction and reconstruction of production facilities must comply with labor protection requirements. New or reconstructed production facilities cannot be put into operation without the conclusions of the relevant state control and supervision bodies for compliance with labor protection requirements. The creation of safe and harmless working conditions, compliance with the requirements of labor protection and the environment should be provided for in the design, construction and operation of the facility (Article 215 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation). For reception readiness of educational institutions By the new academic year, by a decree (order) of the head of the administration of the city (district), a selection committee is created, which includes representatives of:
The selection committee is headed by one of the deputy heads of the administration of the city (district). Prior to the start of the work of the selection committee in educational institutions, all work on the capital and current repairs of buildings and structures must be completed. Checking the readiness of educational institutions for the new academic year must be completed before August 25 of the current year. The act of acceptance of the readiness of the educational institution for the new academic year is accompanied by acts of permission to conduct classes in classrooms, workshops and sports halls. The act of accepting the readiness of an educational institution for the new academic year, acts of permission to commission equipment in educational workshops and laboratories, to conduct classes in sports halls, in the classrooms of physics, chemistry, biology, computer science, the basics of life safety (OBZH) are drawn up in two copies , one of which is stored in the education authority, and the second remains in the educational institution. If the selection committee considers that the educational institution is not sufficiently prepared, the act should indicate exactly what work and in what time frame must be completed. The state of the territory of the educational institution. The land plot for educational institutions must have a fence with a height of at least 1,8 m and green spaces along it. Pedestrian paths, entrance doors, playgrounds and sports grounds with power supply to the poles by an underground cable should be lit on the territory. Switch hatch doors on concrete poles must be kept closed at all times. The landscaping area of a land plot must be at least 50% of its territory. On the territory there should be no dead wood, trees and shrubs with poisonous fruits, as well as thorny bushes. Trees should be planted no closer than 15 m, and shrubs no closer than 5 m from the building. Approaches to the building at least 100 m away, entrances and entrances to the site, driveways and paths must have a hard surface. In summer, the entire area should be cleaned daily 1-2 hours before the arrival of children, grass, flowers, shrubs, playgrounds and paths should be watered. In winter, playgrounds, paths, steps of stairs must be cleaned daily of snow and ice and sprinkled with sand. Garbage should be systematically removed from the territory of the institution, it is prohibited to burn it on the territory. In preschool educational institutions, sand in sandboxes should be changed at least once a month; at night, sandboxes should be closed with lids. The utility site should be isolated from other areas, located near the catering unit, have a hard surface and a separate entrance from the street. Garbage bins should be closed with lids and placed under a canopy no closer than 25 m from the building. All wells in the territory must be closed with covers, and the pits must have a fence. The equipment of playgrounds and sports grounds must be in good working order, securely installed and firmly fixed. In winter, roof eaves and gutters should be free of icicles, overhanging ice and snow. Production room size determined by the number of employees. Usually normalize the volume and area of the room. In the building, in addition to production premises, it is necessary to provide household premises: dressing rooms, washrooms, etc. In the dressing rooms there should be wardrobes for each worker. Buildings and equipment for industrial and amenity premises are constructed in accordance with building codes and regulations. Preservation of the health of the worker and success in work largely depend on workplace organization. The workplace is organized taking into account the type of work performed. In necessary cases, devices and devices for work, storage of tools, utensils, appliances, materials, spare parts - workbenches, racks, whatnots, bedside tables should be provided at the workplace. To work with heavy objects, the workplace is equipped with lifting and transport devices. In the case of performing operations accompanied by the release of dust, vapors, gases, the workplace is equipped with general or local ventilation: fume hoods, devices for local suction of dust and gases. The room and its equipment must be not only in good condition, but also beautiful. The interior should please the eye, cheer up the workers. It is necessary to expediently and beautifully arrange all the equipment and furniture, leave passages and driveways of the required width. Of great importance for creating good working conditions is the color design of premises, production equipment and furniture. In this case, neither uniformity of color, nor variegation and excessive brightness should be allowed. During the selection of colors for painting, it is necessary to take into account the climate, the location of the room in relation to parts of the world, the presence of eye strain, as well as the requirements of labor protection - industrial sanitation and safety. On the north side of the walls of the room it is recommended to paint with paints of warm colors (yellow, orange, pinkish), on the south side - cold tones (blue, light blue). Soothing tones - green, yellow, blue. Invigorating tone - purple, exciting - red. To make it easier to recognize dangerous objects, use safety colors. Thus, dangerous parts of machines are painted black with yellow stripes, the inner surfaces of hazardous areas are painted red. Equipment control buttons, such as "Start", are colored green, and the stop button "Stop" is red. Harmful production factors may be of natural origin (climate) and may occur during the performance of work; some factors may arise as a result of errors in the calculations and manufacture of the relevant objects, as well as due to malfunction or lack of care during their operation (lighting, heating, ventilation systems). Harmful production factors may also arise as a result of damage (malfunction) of buildings, machines, apparatus and other equipment, the absence or insufficiency of sanitary protection zones. To assess the actual conditions at specific workplaces, they are surveyed in order to develop and implement measures to improve working conditions; in some cases - to find out the possibility of implementing the standard. During the examination, instrumentation is used, the results are recorded in the sanitary-technical passport. The sanitary-technical passport is compiled annually and coordinated with the trade union committee of the enterprise, state supervision bodies and approved by order of the head of the enterprise. On the basis of the sanitary-technical passport, the enterprise develops comprehensive plans for improving working conditions and labor protection, sanitary and recreational activities. To maintain the health and performance of workers, it is important rest and food regimen. During the working day (shift), the employee must be given a break for rest and meals of no more than two hours and no less than 30 minutes, which is not included in working time. The time of the break and its specific duration are established by the internal labor regulations of the organization or by agreement between the employee and the employer. At jobs where, due to the conditions of production (work), it is impossible to provide a break for rest and food, the employer is obliged to provide the employee with the opportunity to rest and eat during working hours. The list of such works, as well as places for rest and eating, are established by the internal labor regulations of the organization. For certain types of work, employees are provided with special breaks during working hours due to the technology and organization of production and labor. The types of these works, the duration and procedure for granting such breaks are established by the internal labor regulations of the organization. Employees working in the cold season in the open air or in closed unheated premises, as well as loaders engaged in loading and unloading operations, and other employees, if necessary, are provided with special breaks for heating and rest, which are included in working hours. The employer is obliged to provide the equipment of rooms for heating and rest of employees. At jobs with harmful working conditions, employees are given milk or other equivalent food products free of charge according to established norms. At work in especially harmful working conditions, free of charge, according to established standards, therapeutic and prophylactic nutrition. The norms and conditions for the free distribution of milk or other equivalent food products, as well as therapeutic and preventive nutrition, are approved in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation. In order to prevent the adverse effects of harmful production factors on the human body, it is necessary to prepare the employee for work in hazardous conditions, or to exclude the presence of harmful factors in the working area, or to provide protection from them. If neither of these is possible, the level (concentration) of harmful factors or the time of their exposure to the worker should be limited, i.e., an appropriate mode of operation should be organized. To protect workers from harmful production factors, they are mainly used medical and preventive and organizational measures. Ensuring sanitary and household and medical and preventive services for employees of organizations in accordance with the requirements of labor protection is assigned to the employer. For these purposes, in accordance with established standards, sanitary facilities, rooms for eating, rooms for medical care, rooms for rest during working hours and psychological unloading are equipped in the organization; sanitary posts are created with first aid kits, equipped with a set of medicines and preparations for first aid; devices (devices) are installed to provide workers of hot shops and areas with carbonated salt water, etc. Medical and preventive and sanitary and hygienic measures also include medical examinations, aimed at preventing from work persons who are prohibited from working with harmful conditions for medical reasons (patients prone to allergic diseases, who have undergone surgery, etc.). Employees engaged in heavy work and in work with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions, as well as in work related to the movement of transport, undergo mandatory preliminary (upon employment) and periodic (for persons under the age of 21) at the expense of the employer year - annual) medical examinations (examinations) to determine the suitability of these workers to perform the assigned work and prevent occupational diseases. In accordance with medical recommendations, these employees undergo extraordinary medical examinations (examinations). Employees of food industry organizations, public catering and trade, water supply facilities, medical and preventive and children's institutions, as well as some other organizations undergo medical examinations (examinations) in order to protect public health, prevent the occurrence and spread of infectious diseases. Harmful and (or) dangerous production factors and work, during the performance of which preliminary and periodic medical examinations (examinations) are carried out, and the procedure for their conduct is determined by regulatory legal acts approved in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation. If necessary, by decision of local authorities in individual organizations, additional conditions and indications for medical examinations (examinations) may be introduced. Employees engaged in certain types of activities, including those associated with sources of increased danger (with the influence of harmful substances and adverse production factors), as well as those working in conditions of increased danger, undergo a mandatory psychiatric examination at least once every five years in the manner prescribed by the Government of the Russian Federation. Where necessary, apply vaccination - carrying out various vaccinations to induce immunity to diseases in the worker's body. Medical and preventive measures also include measures to harden the body, physiotherapy, industrial gymnastics, the organization of preventive nutrition, healthy rest and strict observance of personal hygiene. At work with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions, as well as at work performed in special temperature conditions or associated with pollution, employees are issued certified individual protection means, detergents and disinfectants. The norms for the issuance of such funds are approved in accordance with the procedure established by the Government of the Russian Federation. The employer is obliged at his own expense to ensure the acquisition, distribution to employees according to established standards, storage, washing, cleaning, drying, disinfection, degassing, decontamination and repair of special clothing, special footwear and other personal protective equipment. Authors: Volkhin S.N., Petrova S.P., Petrov V.P.
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