Classification of disasters. OBZhD

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Classification of disasters. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

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There are several classifications of disasters.

All disasters can be divided into natural, artificial and social.

Natural, not dependent on human activity, natural disasters (natural disasters):

meteorological - storms, hurricanes, tornadoes, cyclones, frosts, droughts, extraordinary heat, fires;
telluric and tectonic - volcanic eruptions, earthquake;
topological - floods, mudflows, landslides, snow falls.

Artificial, caused by human activities, industrial (technogenic) disasters:

• transport - air and space, rail, road, river and sea fleet (transport);
• production: with the release of energy, mechanical, chemical, radiation, thermal, bacteriological agents;
• specific - epidemics, wars.

Социальные - hunger, terrorism, civil unrest, drug addiction, substance abuse.

The Disaster Medicine Service has developed emergency criteria. The presence of one of the emergency criteria presented in Table 6 gives grounds for the disaster medicine service to talk about the presence of an emergency and the need to register it.

The next classification under consideration - medical-tactical - covers several criteria that are important for organizing assistance to victims from the disaster medicine service (MCS) (Fig. 9).

According to the scale of distribution, taking into account the severity of the consequences, emergencies can be classified as follows:

local - have consequences that do not go beyond the workplace, estate, apartment;
object, when the consequences are limited to the boundaries of the object of the economy and can be eliminated at the expense of its forces and means;
local - have a scale of distribution within the settlement;
territorial - spreading on the territory of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, including a large city, administrative district, several districts; can be eliminated at the expense of forces and means of the region;
regional - their consequences cover several areas and can be eliminated at the expense of the forces and means of the region or its constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
national, or federal - the consequences extend to several economic regions (regions), but do not go beyond the borders of the country, are eliminated by the forces and means of the state;
global - go beyond the borders of the country and spread to other states, are eliminated both by the forces of each state on its territory, and by the forces and means of the international community.

Another classification of disasters - natural and man-made emergencies - shown in Fig. ten.

Table 6. Criteria for emergency situations for the service of disaster medicine (QMS) (order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 393 of 31.12.98/XNUMX/XNUMX)

№ p / p	Name of emergency	Emergency Criteria
1.	MAN-MADE
1.1. 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4	Transport accidents (catastrophes): accidents of passenger trains and metro trains aviation accidents accidents (catastrophes) on the roads accidents (catastrophes) of water transport	The number of affected 4 people. and more; death toll 2 people and more; inability to deal with the consequences on their own
1.2.	Fires and explosions (with possible subsequent burning) in buildings, industrial enterprises, mines, transport	The number of affected 10 people. and more; death toll 2 people and more; inability to deal with the consequences on their own
1.3.	Accidents with the release (threat of release) of emergency chemically hazardous substances (AHOV)	The number of affected 10 people. and more; death toll 2 people and more; exit of damaging factors beyond the sanitary protection zone exceeding the MPC (MPC) by 50 times; the threat of destruction of the population
1.4.	Accidents with release (threat of release) of radioactive substances (RS)	The number of affected 10 people. and more; death toll 2 people and more; radioactive contamination of the environment outside the sanitary protection zone of 100 MPC and more; the release of radioactive substances is 10 times higher than the daily release for this NPP installation
1.5.	Accidents with the release (threat of release) of hazardous biological substances (HBS)	The number of affected 10 people. and more. Any fact of infection of people with pathogens of infectious diseases of 1 and 2 pathogenicity groups
1.6.	Sudden collapse of buildings, structures, rocks	Number of victims 10 people. and more; death toll 2 people and more
2.	NATURAL
2.1.	Hazardous geophysical phenomena (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions)	Earthquake 4 or more points; the number of affected 15 people. and more
2.2.	Hazardous geological phenomena (landslides, landslides, slope washouts, etc.)	The number of affected 10 people. and more; death toll 2 or more
2.3.	Dangerous meteorological and helio-geophysical phenomena (storms, hurricanes, tornadoes, avalanches, drought, high water levels)	The number of affected 10 people. and more; death toll 2 people and more
2.4.	natural fires	The number of affected 15 people. and more; death toll 2 people and more
3.	BIOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL
3.1.	Incidence of infections
3.1.1,	morbidity or mortality exceeds the annual average level in the territory of the subject of the Russian Federation	Morbidity or mortality is 3 times higher than the annual average level in the territory of the subject of the Russian Federation
3.1.2.	group cases of dangerous infectious diseases:	The number of sick people is 50 people. and more
3.1.2.1.	disease within one incubation period	The number of sick people is 200 people. and more
3.1.2.2.	dead within one incubation period	The number of deaths 2 people. and more
3.1.2.3.	day	The number of sick people is 2 people. and more
4.	SOCIAL (SOCIOGENIC)	-
4.1.	Mass riots	The number of affected 4 people. and more
4.2.	Terrorism	The death toll is 4 people. and more; inability to deal with the consequences on their own
4.3.	Banditry, activities of organized criminal groups	Every case is registered
4.4.	Interethnic Conflicts	Every case is registered
4.5.	Interfaith conflicts	Every case is registered
4.6.	Military, armed conflicts	Every case is registered
4.7.	Other social conflicts	Every case is registered

Rice. 9. Medico-tactical classification of disasters (click to enlarge)

Rice. 10. Classification of emergency situations of natural and man-made nature (Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1094 of September 13.09.96, XNUMX) (click to enlarge)

Authors: Aizman R.I., Krivoshchekov S.G.

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