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BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
Sanitary and technical requirements for industrial premises and workplaces. Basics of safe life
Directory / Basics of safe life Healthy and productive work is possible only with good maintenance of the workplace, its proper organization. A comfortable working posture, lack of fuss, unnecessary movements, comfort in the room are important for labor productivity, to combat premature fatigue. The microclimate of the workplace has a significant impact on human performance. The main hygienic requirements are the creation of an optimal microclimate in the working room and sufficient stability of the internal temperature. The temperature difference in the horizontal direction from windows to opposite walls should not exceed 2 °C, and in the vertical direction - 1 °C per meter of room height. The temperature level can be reduced to 8-15 ° C where work is associated with constant movement and carrying heavy loads or where there is significant heat radiation. In summer, the temperature in the working room should not exceed the temperature of the outside air by 3-5 ° C, and in hot weather, so that it is lower than outside. Performance is reduced both at very low and at very high humidity. 1. Light - a strong performance stimulant. Lighting is considered sufficient if it allows for a long time without stress and does not cause eye fatigue. When using fluorescent lamps (fluorescent lamps), visual fatigue occurs later than with conventional incandescent lamps, and labor productivity increases. The color of the surrounding objects, the color of the walls have a significant impact on human performance. Red colors with a golden hue - warm - have an invigorating, stimulating effect, and blue, green-blue, on the contrary, soothing, conducive to rest, to peace, conducive to sleep. Things painted in a dark color seem heavier than light ones, so it is recommended to paint machines and machines in pleasant light colors. Noise has a negative impact on health and performance. Exposure to prolonged and very intense noise (over 80 dB) adversely affects the nervous system, hearing loss and deafness may develop. Standards for general safety requirements for production equipment establish safety requirements for the design of equipment as a whole and its individual elements. Methods for monitoring the fulfillment of safety requirements contain safety requirements for the placement of elements of technological systems, operating modes of production equipment, control systems and personnel working conditions, requirements for the use of protective equipment, standards for norms and general requirements for types of hazard, establish maximum permissible concentrations, levels or doses of harmful substances and safety requirements when working with substances that emit dangerous and harmful vapors. 2. Industrial ventilation and air conditioning Ventilation - air exchange in the premises, carried out with the help of various systems and devices. As a person stays in a room, the air quality in it deteriorates. Along with exhaled carbon dioxide, other metabolic products, dust, and harmful production substances accumulate in the air. In addition, the temperature and humidity of the air rise. Therefore, there is a need for ventilation of the room, which provides air exchange - removal of polluted air and its replacement with clean air. Air exchange can be carried out in a natural way - through the vents and transoms. The best way of air exchange is artificial ventilation, in which fresh air is supplied and polluted air is removed mechanically - with the help of fans and other devices. The most advanced form of artificial ventilation is air conditioning - the creation and maintenance of the most favorable (comfortable) conditions for people in enclosed spaces and transport with the help of technical means to ensure technological processes, the operation of equipment and instruments, and the preservation of cultural and art values. Air conditioning is achieved by creating optimal parameters of the air environment, its temperature, relative humidity, gas composition, speed and air pressure. Air conditioning units are equipped with devices for cleaning the air from dust, for heating, cooling, dehumidifying and humidifying it, as well as for automatic regulation, control and management. In some cases, with the help of air conditioning systems, it is also possible to carry out odorization (saturation of air with aromatic substances), deodorization (neutralization of unpleasant odors), regulation of the ionic composition (ionization), removal of excess carbon dioxide, oxygen enrichment and bacteriological air purification (in medical institutions where patients with airborne infection). Distinguish between central air conditioning systems, serving, as a rule, the entire structure, and local, serving one room. Air conditioning is carried out with the help of air conditioners of various types, the design and arrangement of which depends on their purpose. Various devices are used for air conditioning: fans, humidifiers, air ionizers. In the premises, the air temperature is considered to be optimal in winter from +19 to +21 ° С, in summer - from +22 to +25 ° С with a relative humidity of 60 to 40% and an air velocity of no more than 30 cm / s. 3. Requirements for lighting of premises and workplaces Lighting is of great hygienic importance. It is important not just to illuminate a room or a separate workplace, but to create lighting that would correspond to the nature of the work performed. Insufficient lighting reduces working capacity and labor productivity, causes eye fatigue, contributes to the development of myopia, an increase in industrial injuries, and leads to transport accidents on the streets and roads. Lighting can be natural, artificial and mixed. Natural lighting is determined by the sun's rays and the diffused light of the sky and varies depending on the geographical latitude, the height of the sun, the degree of cloudiness and the transparency of the atmosphere. Natural light has a spectrum to which the human eye is most accustomed. Natural lighting standards are set depending on the purpose of the building and individual rooms. The best illumination of the premises is achieved by painting walls and ceilings in light colors, as well as periodic cleaning of window panes, the contamination of which leads to a loss of 50% of the light flux. To assess natural lighting, the coefficient of natural light is used, showing how many times the illumination inside the room is less than the outside. In the middle lane, at the points farthest from the windows, the coefficient of natural light should be at least 2,5%, and in the northern latitudes - 2,9%. The optimal orientation of the windows of residential premises is south and southeast. Electric lamps serve as sources of artificial light. The quantitative characteristic is the illumination, which is set in the range from 5 to 5000 lux, depending on the nature of the work performed. There are two types of artificial lighting: general, in which light spreads evenly throughout the room, and combined, created by lamps of general and local lighting at the same time and which is most hygienically appropriate. It is not recommended to work only with local lighting, since by looking from a brightly lit surface to dark surrounding objects, we create an additional load on the eyes. A table lamp or other portable lamp is installed directly at the workplace so that the light from it falls from the front on the left side, then the shadow from the hand will not obscure the work. In a table lamp or sconce, the light bulb should be at least 40-60 W for people with normal vision, and for the elderly and those with impaired vision, it is better to purchase lamps with a power of 75-100 W. The power of lamps in general lighting fixtures is determined at the rate of 10-15 W per 1 m3 area of the room. When using fluorescent lamps, fixtures with a single lamp are not recommended, since the light in such a lamp pulsates according to changes in the voltage in the network. It is advisable to arrange general lighting with fluorescent lamps, and for local use incandescent lamps. mixed lighting - the inclusion of artificial (electric) light in addition to daylight, which, if necessary, is quite advisable. 4. Industrial vibration and its impact on humans Vibration - mechanical vibrations of solids. Sources of vibration are pneumatic and electric, manual, mechanized tools, various machines, machine tools widely used in industry and in everyday life. Vibration is characterized by the displacement of the oscillating point from a stable position (amplitude) in millimeters and the number of vibrations per second. From these values, the vibrational speed is calculated, expressed both in absolute (m/s) and relative values (decibels), and acceleration. Both in production and in everyday life, vibration can have an adverse effect on a person - lead to a violation of a number of physiological processes, and with prolonged systematic exposure - to the development of a vibration disease. Conventionally, they distinguish between local vibration, which acts mainly on the hands of workers, and the general one - when the entire body is exposed to vibration when the floor, seat (workplace) oscillates. In case of a vibration disease that develops under the influence of local vibration, the following are characteristic: 1) pain in the hands, more often at night; 2) whitening of the fingers in the cold; 3) numbness and chilliness of the hands; 4) pain in the lower back and in the region of the heart. This is due to impaired blood circulation in the peripheral vessels. Pain sensitivity is especially severely affected, the temperature of the skin on the hands and feet decreases. The degree of sensitivity reduction increases with the duration and severity of the disease. There are disturbances in the activity of the endocrine glands, internal organs and metabolic processes. When exposed to vibration with a large amplitude, disturbances occur in muscles, ligaments, joints, and bones. There is weakness, fatigue, irritability, headaches, poor sleep. With general vibration, the vestibular system is especially often affected, headaches, dizziness occur. To prevent vibration disease, along with hygienic regulation, the vibration of machines, equipment and tools is eliminated by balancing the forces that cause vibrations. Measures are taken to reduce the transmission of vibration with the help of elastic elements and vibration damping, technological processes are introduced that limit or completely exclude the contact of a worker with a vibrating surface. It is necessary for workers to observe a rational regime of work and rest and use personal protective equipment, such as vibration-damping gloves and shoes. The most important measure to prevent vibration disease is the strict observance of the established rules for working in vibration conditions and safety standards. 5. Occupational noise and its impact on humans Noise - a complex of sounds that causes an unpleasant sensation or painful reactions. Noise - one of the forms of physical pollution of the living environment. He is as slow a killer as chemical poisoning. The noise level of 20-30 decibels (dB) is practically harmless to humans. This is a natural noise background, without which human life is impossible. For loud sounds, the acceptable limit is approximately 80 dB. A sound of 130 dB already causes a painful sensation in a person, and at 130 it becomes unbearable for him. In some industries, long-term and very intense noise (80-100 dB) has a negative impact on health and performance. Industrial noise tires, irritates, interferes with concentration, has a negative effect not only on the organ of hearing, but also on vision, attention, memory. Noise of sufficient efficiency and duration can lead to a decrease in auditory sensitivity, hearing loss and deafness may develop. Under the influence of strong noise, especially high-frequency, irreversible changes gradually occur in the organ of hearing. At high noise levels, a decrease in hearing sensitivity occurs after 1-2 years of operation, at medium levels it is detected much later, after 5-10 years. The sequence in which hearing loss occurs is now well understood. At first, intense noise causes temporary hearing loss. Under normal conditions, hearing is restored in a day or two. But if noise exposure continues for months or, as is the case in industry, for years, there is no recovery, and the temporary shift in hearing threshold becomes permanent. First, nerve damage affects the perception of the high-frequency range of sound vibrations, gradually spreading to the lowest frequencies. The nerve cells of the inner ear are so damaged that they atrophy, die, and do not recover. Noise has a harmful effect on the central nervous system, causing overwork and exhaustion of the cells of the cerebral cortex. There is insomnia, fatigue develops, working capacity and labor productivity decrease. Noise has a harmful effect on the visual and vestibular analyzers, which can lead to impaired coordination of movements and balance of the body. Studies have shown that inaudible sounds are also dangerous. Ultrasound, which occupies a prominent place in the range of industrial noise, adversely affects the body, although the ear does not perceive it. The harmful effects of noise during work in noisy industries can be avoided by various methods and means. A significant reduction in industrial noise is achieved by using special technical means of noise suppression. 6. Industrial dust and its impact on the human body Industrial dust consists of solid particles suspended in the air. By origin, it can be natural and artificial, mineral and organic. Industrial dust, the nature of which depends on its composition, is the most common cause of disease. The finer the dust particles, the longer they stay in suspension, penetrating into the smallest pores of the skin, bronchi and alveoli. A high risk of "dust" diseases is observed in mining, in metallurgy, mechanical engineering, building materials industry by inhalation of dust of quartz, asbestos, coal and other solid, practically insoluble materials. A special class of harmful substances is the so-called fibrogenic dust, with prolonged inhalation of which the most severe occupational diseases develop in the lungs - chronic dust bronchitis and pneumoconiosis. Pneumoconiosis occurs when various dusts are inhaled for a long time and are characterized by the growth of connective tissue in the respiratory tract. Depending on the type of inhaled dust, some types of pneumoconiosis are distinguished. Silicosis - develops with prolonged inhalation of dust containing free silicon dioxide. Dust may contain silicon dioxide, which is associated with other elements - magnesium, calcium, iron, aluminum - and is found in the production and processing of silicates (asbestos, cement, talc, aluminum). When inhaling the dust of some metals (beryllium, iron, aluminum, barium), metalloconiosis develops. Anthracosis develops in miners working on the excavation of coal and workers in processing plants when inhaling coal dust. When exposed to plant fiber dust (cotton), flour dust, grain, sugar cane, plastics, allergic bronchitis can develop, agricultural dust with impurities of fungi - "farmer's lung". With all these occupational diseases, patients develop cough, shortness of breath, persistent changes in the lungs, chest pain, often leading to a decrease in performance and disability. In the fight against the formation and spread of dust, technological measures are the most effective. In the mining and coal industry, the introduction of drilling with water was an effective measure to combat dust in the air. During wet drilling, the dust at the moment of its formation is moistened, precipitated and does not enter the air. Of great importance is the use of local and general ventilation, personal protective equipment - dust respirators. Preventive sanitary and hygienic measures to combat industrial dust are diverse and are aimed at maximizing the dust content of the air: mechanization and automation of production, organization of general and local ventilation, sealing of production equipment, replacement of dry methods of work with wet ones. It is necessary to conduct preliminary (when applying for a job) and periodic medical examinations. The norms of the industrial microclimate are established by the system of labor safety standards GOST 12.1.005-88 "General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air of the working area". They are the same for all industries and all climatic zones with some minor deviations, and each component of the microclimate in the working area of \uXNUMXb\uXNUMXbthe production room and workplace is normalized: temperature, relative humidity, air speed, depending on the ability of the human body to acclimatize at different times of the year, the nature of clothing, the intensity of the work performed and the nature of heat generation in the working room, lighting. To assess the nature of clothing and acclimatization of the body at different times of the year, the concept of a period of the year (warm and cold) is introduced. When taking into account the intensity of labor, all types of work, based on the total energy consumption of the body, are divided into three categories: light, moderate and heavy. The characteristics of industrial premises according to the category of work performed in them are established according to the category of work, taking into account the position of the worker, energy costs, physical, mental and mental stress. According to the intensity of heat release, production facilities are divided into groups depending on the specific excess of sensible heat emanating from the heated surfaces of process equipment, lighting fixtures, and insolation at permanent and non-permanent workplaces. The intensity of thermal exposure of workers from open sources should not exceed 140 W / m2, while radiation should not expose more than 25% of the body surface and the use of personal protective equipment is mandatory. In the working area of the production facility, according to GOST 12.1.005-88, optimal and permissible microclimatic conditions can be established. Optimal microclimatic conditions - a combination of microclimate parameters, which, with prolonged and systematic exposure to a person, provides a feeling of thermal comfort and creates the prerequisites for high performance. Permissible microclimatic conditions - combinations of microclimate parameters that, with prolonged and systematic exposure to a person, can cause stress in thermoregulation reactions and which do not go beyond the limits of physiological adaptive capabilities. At the same time, there are no violations in the state of health, there are no uncomfortable heat sensations that worsen well-being and a decrease in working capacity. The optimal parameters of the microclimate in industrial premises are provided by air conditioning systems, and the permissible parameters are provided by conventional ventilation and heating systems. Authors: Alekseev V.S., Zhidkova O.I., Tkachenko N.V.
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