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BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
Causes, nature and characteristics of crime. Basics of safe life
Directory / Basics of safe life Crime - a very complex social phenomenon, most directly related to society, but at the same time quite independent, capable of exerting a serious influence on it, especially during periods of socio-political and economic instability or under the influence of subjective factors due to miscalculations in the organization of the fight against it. "The threat of criminalization of social relations emerging in the process of reforming the socio-political structure and economic activity," notes the National Security Concept of the Russian Federation, "is becoming particularly acute." For a successful fight against crime, the strength and authority of state power and the consolidation of society and the state are of paramount importance. To resist crime, to minimize the consequences of criminal activity, it is necessary to know the causes that give rise to it and the conditions favorable to it. The concept of national security of the Russian Federation defines reasons for the rise in crimein the country in the 1990s: "Serious miscalculations made at the initial stage of reforms in the economic, military, law enforcement and other areas of state activity, the weakening of the system of state regulation and control, the imperfection of the legal framework and the lack of a strong state policy in the social sphere, a decrease spiritual and moral potential of society are the main factors contributing to the growth of crime, especially its organized forms, as well as corruption. In other words, modern crime is the result of the action of cumulative causes in various spheres of public life: political, economic, social, legal, managerial, and spiritual and moral. Changes in the state structure, the formation of market relations were carried out without preparation, without a well-thought-out strategy and tactics of reforms, a system for ensuring law and order, and were not accompanied by a forecast of possible negative consequences. The positive experience of countries with established market relations, socially oriented economies and mature legal relations was not taken into account. Moreover, without taking into account Russian specifics, foreign models of reform were used. Forcing the pace of denationalization and privatization, belittling the role of the state and regulating economic processes led to a sharp increase in personal enrichment, often by illegal means, contributed to the emergence of new forms and methods of criminal activity. The value orientations of a significant part of the population have also changed. The value of productive labor as a source of well-being has been lost, spiritual values have been replaced, which contributed to the increased criminalization of society, especially the younger generation. The causes of regional crime basically coincide with the all-Russian ones, but at the same time there are specific ones that are characteristic of a particular region. For example, St. Petersburg is characterized by the following causes of crime. At first, these include the difficult economic situation, which gave rise to a sharp decline in production - the basis of the city's economy. This led to a drop in the standard of living of the majority of citizens, including those previously disadvantaged in this regard, a change in their value orientations and spiritual image. In the conditions of a metropolitan city, all of the above contributed to a sharp increase in mercenary crimes (burglaries, robberies, robberies, etc.), as well as those associated with violence. Secondly, the development of private property, the personal enrichment of the "new Russians" against the backdrop of a falling standard of living for the bulk of the population caused, on the one hand, an increase in crimes against business representatives (theft, kidnapping for ransom, assassination, murder, etc.), on the other hand, criminal acts of representatives of the business itself against each other (extortion, pseudo-entrepreneurship, illegal receipt and non-return of loans, fraud, tax evasion, criminal showdowns among competitors and competing groups, etc.). Thirdly, the proximity of the state border, the increase in migration flows, especially taking into account the development of transport hubs, led to the emergence of criminal ethnic groups, the development of smuggling, drug trafficking and arms trafficking. As a result, gun crimes have increased, including homicide and felonies. As noted above, in the 1990s, during a period of extreme political and economic instability in Russian society, the number of registered crimes increased significantly. Indicative in this regard are data on crime rate, i.e. the number of crimes per 100 population for 000-1993. in general in Russia. In 1999, 1993 crimes were committed, in 1889 - 1994, in 1776 - 1995, in 1859 - 1996, in 1774 - 1997, in 1618 - 1998, in 1742 - 1999 . Of particular concern, along with the growth of crime, is a cardinal change in its structure. An analysis of crime in modern Russia indicates that growth of serious and dangerous crimes ahead of the rise in crime in general. Such crimes include those that affect the specially protected rights, freedoms and interests of citizens, society and the state: murders, grievous bodily harm, kidnapping, rape, actions of bandit groups, extortion, robbery, robbery, encroachment on property in especially large sizes, drug trafficking and other crimes. Considering serious crimes, it is natural to single out crimes against human life. Studies show that murders are becoming more and more latent (hidden, not detected) crimes, their number is actually greater than it is reflected in the statistics. The reasons for this vary, but it is clear that the murders are being committed in ever more sophisticated ways, carefully concealed and often directed against many people at once. Has changed and structure of their motivation, which can be classified into the following groups:
It should be noted that a considerable number of murders are committed in domestic soil: when drinking alcoholic beverages, during disputes, quarrels, other clarification of relations. This also includes the infliction of intentional bodily harm, which often leads to death. Speaking about crimes against human life and health, it must be emphasized that at present hooligan behavior, which, although they occupy an insignificant place in the general structure of crimes, adversely affect the security of citizens. Moreover, the majority of hooligan manifestations, as well as crimes of another kind, are committed while intoxicated. At present, street crime, crime committed in public places, is still high. A significant increase in such crimes, undoubtedly, requires, along with improving the work of law enforcement agencies, the improvement of legislation, thoughtful lawmaking and, which is very important, increased public attention to crime problems, and an increased role of the public in law enforcement. In the structure of crime, the share of such crimes as encroachment on the property of enterprises, organizations and citizens, and in the most dangerous forms, as well as with the use of weapons and other forms of violence. Despite the fact that as a percentage of the total number of crimes they make up a small part and tend to decrease, their number is still quite large, and the danger to citizens is increasing, as weapons have become increasingly used. The number of thefts, both state and private property, including thefts from apartments, has also increased. At the same time, it should be noted that thefts in general and apartment burglaries in particular remain the most poorly solved crimes. Of course, this situation naturally causes serious complaints from citizens and requires decisive action. A special place in the structure of crime is occupied by crimes committed by minors. These are mainly crimes against property, public order and personality, which, as a rule, have selfish motivation. There is an increase in juvenile delinquency. Ultimately, the organized crime base expands. Characteristic organized, professional crime is the presence of their own structures of preparation, security, concealment of crimes. It is the members of criminal gangs who commit the most serious crimes against the life and health of citizens (including such as murder, kidnapping, extortion), as well as encroaching on property. Such formations are engaged in the organization and expansion of the drug business, involve representatives of state power and law enforcement agencies into their orbit, which leads to corruption of the state apparatus and economic activity in general. Considering the structure of crime, it is impossible to ignore crimes. economic orientation. According to state statistics and law enforcement agencies, its share in the structure of general crime is low, but constantly growing. In addition, it is necessary to take into account the high latency of economic crimes. By no means all crimes of this kind, due to various circumstances, citizens and legal entities declare, at the same time, according to reports, measures are often not taken or they are not included in the records as crimes. This is facilitated by the fact that among both legal scholars and law enforcement officials there is no single point of view as to which crimes should be classified as economic. Some consider as such all crimes affecting any type of economic relations both in the sphere of management (economy) and outside it, others - crimes in the sphere of the economy, committed both in the process of economic activity, and not related to it, but located within the boundaries economic system, and still others - only crimes committed exclusively in operations that result in profit, that is, in the business sector. Legislative work aimed at suppressing economic crimes, of course, is being carried out, but so far, unfortunately, it lags behind the requirements of the time, which makes it difficult to develop market relations in modern Russian society. Crime today covers such areas of activity as credit and banking, financial, trade, illegal acquisition and circulation of weapons, etc. elimination of competitors, objectionable representatives of power structures, kidnapping, extortion. They also largely create the material base for the drug business and terrorism. Crime in the economic sphere is becoming more organized, stable, threatening the interests of Russian society and the state, transnational. As emphasized in the National Security Concept of the Russian Federation, the consequences of miscalculations in the implementation of reforms "...are manifested in the weakening of the legal control of the situation in the country, in the merging of individual elements of the executive and legislative authorities with criminal structures, their penetration into the sphere of management of the banking business, large industries, trade organizations and commodity distribution networks. In this regard, the fight against organized crime and corruption has not only a legal, but also a political character.” The government is currently taking the necessary measures to combat crime. Programs are being developed and implemented to prevent it, localize it, improve the activities of law enforcement agencies both in Russia as a whole and in the regions. Thus, in particular, many criminal groups have been uncovered and neutralized, a large number of weapons, ammunition, explosives have been confiscated, criminals who have committed major frauds that have caused considerable damage to citizens and the state have been exposed and brought to justice, crime detection has significantly improved. However, the state of the fight against crime clearly does not meet the requirements of the current situation. In many ways, this is the result of an insufficiently clear and complete understanding of the state and causes of crime, of the conditions and factors that encourage criminal elements to stubbornly and often effectively counteract the efforts of law enforcement agencies and the state as a whole. In the current situation, for the fight against crime, no less important than government measures and the actions of law enforcement agencies is its prevention, the readiness and ability of the population to resist it, which requires certain knowledge of how to protect against this very dangerous social phenomenon and the ability to apply them correctly. Authors: Gubanov V.M., Mikhailov L.A., Solomin V.P.
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