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BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
Risk as a category of life safety. Acceptable risk. Basics of safe life
Directory / Basics of safe life Social hazards, like any other, are formed as a result of the accumulation of risk factors. In this regard, it is advisable to find out what risk is, what are the mechanisms of its occurrence and how it affects the process of occurrence and development of hazards. The concept of "risk" was widely used in the XIX century. in economic law when characterizing the dangers that arise in the field of economics. Since the 1920s, it has moved into the sphere of political decision-making, and in the last quarter of the XNUMXth century. an area of research that can be described as "riskology".In the late 1980s, under the auspices of the Swedish Academy of Sciences, a series of monographs "Risk and Society" began to be published, which explores the risk in making technological, economic and political decisions, and most importantly, the interdependence between them. In modern scientific literature risk is seen as the danger that a random event may adversely affect the ability to achieve the desired goal. It has already been noted earlier that social practice gives grounds to assert that any human activity is potentially dangerous. Absolute security cannot be achieved in any activity. This statement is an axiom and has an extremely important theoretical and methodological significance, since it can be concluded from it that, despite the protective measures taken, some residual risk always remains. In public practice, there is an individual and social risk. social risk (social group risk) is the relationship between the frequency of events and the number of people affected. Speaking about risk as a phenomenon of social life, one cannot ignore such a variety of social risk as political risk, which is understood as an irremovable element of a political decision at any level, which consists in choosing a certain line of behavior or action. The social sphere and politics are a chain of intersecting and conflicting decisions, which, of course, is associated with a greater or lesser degree of risk. Decision-making (change of position in assessing the situation or in the course of planned and ongoing actions, in changing priorities, etc.) is always carried out by the subject of politics, most often by the political leader. And since each subject evaluates the world and his place in it in his own way, his moral values, worldview attitudes, vision of the social ideal play an important role in the decision-making process. Political decisions are complicated by socio-economic factors. Thus, for example, the policy of super-exploitation of one social stratum by another within a particular country, and of one region by another in the international arena, should be considered as fraught with unjustified risk and therefore unacceptable. Economic crises, crisis social processes, excessive nationalistic, religious, separatist and other claims contain a political threat. The risk is clearly not calculated. But even in the most stable countries of the West, one of the main difficulties in making political decisions is that they are at the mercy of the elite, while the costs of risk fall on the broad masses and even go beyond the boundaries of the country or region. To avoid this, it is necessary to strengthen democratic control and disperse responsibility for decision-making. Persons making and implementing decisions must have a high level of education, competence, social involvement, civility, strive to avoid euphoria and various "phobias", adventurism and unjustified caution. The conditions under which potential hazards are realized are called reasons. Causes are characterized by a set of circumstances due to which hazards manifest themselves and cause certain undesirable consequences and damage. The causes and consequences of danger are the main characteristics of such events as an accident, fire, as well as social emergencies - riots, socio-political conflicts, military conflicts, wars, etc. The triad "danger - causes - undesirable consequences" is a logical development process that turns potential danger into real damage (consequences). As a rule, this process includes several reasons, since the same hazard can be realized in an undesirable event for various reasons. The search for causes is also at the heart of predicting the localization of undesirable social events. Traditional approaches to security, especially at the household level, are based on the absolute avoidance of any danger. This explains the categorical requirements for safety, traffic safety, fire safety and appeals contained in advertisements and booklets about safety in a particular field of activity. However, as social practice shows, such a concept is inadequate to the laws of life. The requirement of absolute security, firstly, is very vague, and secondly, it can turn into a tragedy for people, since it is impossible to ensure zero risk in existing social systems. An example is the tragic events associated with the terrorist act in the United States in September 2001. Until that moment, despite the individual facts of terrorism in the country, the Americans believed that in this respect they were absolutely safe. They did not even suspect that their security system was powerless against such actions. They viewed terrorist acts in other countries, in particular in Russia, from the point of view of violating democratic freedoms and human rights, and the actions of the Russian leadership in Chechnya as inadequate to threats to its security. The September tragedy radically changed Americans' views on terrorism. They realized that there are no good terrorists - freedom fighters and that any manifestation of extremism leads to unpredictable consequences. The modern world has rejected the concept of absolute security and has come to concept of acceptable risk, i.e., the desire for such security, which in a given socio-economic and scientific-technical situation is accepted by society. The public's perception of risk, threats and dangers is highly subjective. People, as a rule, react sharply and emotionally to rare, sensational events accompanied by a large number of victims (the sinking of the Kursk nuclear-powered ship, the September 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States, etc.). At the same time, frequent events that result in the death of a few or small groups of people do not cause such an emotional attitude. Despite the fact that in Russia 40-50 people die every day at work, and in the whole country more than 1000 people die from various dangers a day, this does not impress the general public as much as the death of 5-10 people in one accident or any other conflict. Yes, and people adapt to such losses very quickly. When, a month after the American tragedy, a Russian plane was shot down in the Black Sea region by the Ukrainian military, this event did not particularly stir up public opinion either in Russia or abroad. This circumstance must be borne in mind when assessing acceptable risk. Acceptable risk is a compromise between the level of security and the ability to achieve it. But it should be remembered that the economic, socio-political, scientific and technical possibilities for improving the security of modern social systems are not unlimited. Spending, for example, excessive funds on improving political and military security can cause serious damage to the social sphere, in particular, reduce the effectiveness of healthcare, social protection of the population and the education system. With an increase in spending on military-political security, social risk grows, which can be seen in the example of the USSR in the 1980s. Modern studies show that the acceptable risk is 2-3 orders of magnitude "stricter" than the actual one. Therefore, the concept of acceptable risk is directly aimed at protecting the individual and society as a whole. It underlies the diagnosis of danger - the definition and measurement of risks. Procedure risk definitions very approximate. Currently, there are four methodological approaches to risk determination:
To compare risks and benefits, some experts propose to introduce the economic equivalent of a human life. However, this approach is often objected to as unethical, since, according to its opponents, financial transactions around a person's life are unacceptable. But in practice (in medicine, during rescue work, assessing a dwelling from the point of view of its suitability for habitation, etc.), there inevitably arises the need for such an assessment precisely for the purpose of people's safety, finding out how much money needs to be spent in order to save a human life. According to the estimates of foreign researchers, human life is estimated from 650 thousand to 7 million US dollars. For risk measurements in the social sphere, a system of indicators (indicators) is also used, with the help of which it is possible to determine not only quantitative, but also qualitative risk thresholds. indicators usually called events, processes, manifestations, information, effects that allow early detection of hazards, their nature, sources, direction, scale and possible timing of occurrence. They are, in essence, signs, symptoms, danger signals, their qualitative characteristics. Among the objective indicators include the results of measuring the degree of environmental pollution, a statistical assessment of the state and trends of quantitative and qualitative changes in the parameters of crime, deviant behavior (alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide, etc.), which are collected by research centers and other state and public institutions and organizations . К subjective indicators include generalized information about the performances and ideas of individuals, social groups and society as a whole about any activity and its results. Subjective indicators are a reflection of real dangers and threats in the minds of people and various communities. A special place among them is occupied by sociological indicators. It should be noted that objective and subjective indicators may contradict each other due to errors in the assessment of processes, misinformation, disorientation on the part of rival groups or states. Diagnostics of dangers and threats has a number of features:
Tracking, analysis and comparison of dangers and threats allow you to observe the dynamics of their development, present them in the form of graphs, tables, diagrams, etc. Such a visual display is called indicator. Indicators can also be devices that visually and soundly fix the appearance of signs of impending danger. Technical indicators of danger are most widely used in the field of military affairs, in maintaining law and order and combating crime, medicine and other areas of security. This is due not only to the fact that dangers in these areas lend themselves to easier technical identification, but also to the fact that here the existence of huge masses of people is endangered. Therefore, technical indicators are more thoroughly studied and diagnosed. Special tables and graphs reflecting the level of income and life of various segments of the population can be indicators of a dangerous aggravation of socio-economic and political relations, tension over the unfair distribution of social wealth, which is a powerful impetus to internal confrontation, forms of struggle dangerous for society. As an example, we can cite the summarized data of extremely critical indicators presented below. Table 1. Extremely critical values of state safety indicators
The use of these indicators is extremely important for assessing the state of the main types of security in various areas of public life, and especially for assessing the security of life, well-being and human rights. These indicators make it possible to set threshold values for security levels, and hence the degree of risk in solving a particular social problem. The imperfection of the theory and methodology for analyzing the dynamic processes of the development of society obliges researchers to take into account the totality of facts and phenomena, to cover the maximum possible number of variables. To assess the state and regulate safety problems, it is necessary to provide the possibility of observation, analysis of cause-and-effect relationships. To do this, it is necessary to determine the initial position (the level of quantity or the level of quality), which is designed to ensure the adequacy of the reflection of indicators of objective reality, the state and trends in the development of the security sphere. In other words, select criteria through which it is possible to evaluate the quality of the object and the efficiency of the processes, as well as their safety in terms of acceptable risk. Currently, in the social sphere, such a criterion is the human development index. Guided by it, the UN determines the countries where the best living conditions are created. The HDI is made up of three dimensions: life expectancy (by which the level of health care is judged), educational attainment (percentage of people with primary, secondary and higher education) and GDP per capita (by which the standard of living is judged). These criteria allow not only to determine the HDI, but also characterize the level of safety, and hence the acceptable level of risk for a person and the society in which he lives and acts. The presence of these criteria is clear evidence that safety and the level of acceptable risk can be measured and, therefore, managed. The inconsistency and dynamism characteristic of modern social processes, a sharp aggravation of the environmental situation, an increase in the flow of information on integrated security issues put forward in practical terms the tasks of managing life safety processes, including at the level of emergency risk management.
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