Subsonic filter on a field and bipolar transistor. Scheme, description

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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Subsonic filter on a field and bipolar transistor. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Tone, volume controls

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Author: A. Shikhatov; Publication: bluesmobile.com/shikhman

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Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

Alcohol content of warm beer 07.05.2024

Beer, as one of the most common alcoholic drinks, has its own unique taste, which can change depending on the temperature of consumption. A new study by an international team of scientists has found that beer temperature has a significant impact on the perception of alcoholic taste. The study, led by materials scientist Lei Jiang, found that at different temperatures, ethanol and water molecules form different types of clusters, which affects the perception of alcoholic taste. At low temperatures, more pyramid-like clusters form, which reduces the pungency of the "ethanol" taste and makes the drink taste less alcoholic. On the contrary, as the temperature increases, the clusters become more chain-like, resulting in a more pronounced alcoholic taste. This explains why the taste of some alcoholic drinks, such as baijiu, can change depending on temperature. The data obtained opens up new prospects for beverage manufacturers, ... >>

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The power of photocells will increase by 10 times 13.05.2013

IBM Research (Zurich) and Airlight Energy SA (Biasca, Switzerland) plan to increase the power output of high-density photovoltaic cells by at least tenfold by using a microfluidic cooling system along with industrial three-junction photocells.

The resulting 25-kW power plants with solar energy concentrated on a 50-foot parabolic mirror will be built in Biasca and Rueschlikon (Switzerland) thanks to a grant from the Swiss Commission for Technology and Innovation. Together with IBM and Airlight Energy, the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) from Zurich and the University of Applied Sciences from Bux (Switzerland) will work on the project.

"We're using the same water-cooling technology that IBM has built for high-performance computers to achieve a 10-fold reduction in solar cell thermal resistance," said Bruno Michel, Head of Chassis Thermals at IBM Research. "As a result, we showed that commercially available three-junction solar cells, which absorb almost the entire spectrum of solar energy at 80% efficiency, can now operate with 2000 to 5000 times concentrated solar energy, compared to 300 to 500 times concentrated for air-cooled cells."

A higher concentration of solar energy is achieved by an array of 36 mirrors on a 50-foot dish that rotates behind the sun, directing energized beams onto an array of over a hundred three-junction photocells mounted on a central frame, each generating 200-250 watts. Without IBM's water-cooling system, the concentrated energy of the sun's rays can generate enough heat to vaporize the solar cell crystals. Instead, the IBM microfluidic substrate conducts heat away from the photovoltaic cells through a hierarchical system of water channels.

The High Concentration Thermal Photovoltaic (HCPVT) system, built by IBM and Airlight Energy, concentrates the sun onto a hundred three-junction microfluidic-cooled photovoltaic cells and provides 25kW of electricity.

And just as water-cooled data centers use chip-heated water to heat neighboring buildings, solar power plants will be adapted to use waste hot water. However, since most of the proposed installations will be located in warm climates, IBM is experimenting with the use of warm water in absorption refrigeration systems that will replace traditional air conditioners, as well as in desalination plants.

The main goal of the project is the production of electricity from solar, the cost of which will not exceed the cost of electricity from coal-burning generators, i.e. about 5-10 cents per kWh. Using inexpensive concrete and pressed metal foil, IBM says the cost of industrial plates should drop to $250 per square meter. m, which is three times cheaper than existing photovoltaic concentrators.

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