Recommendations for maintaining health in the wild. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
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Recommendations for maintaining health in the wild. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

Preserving your own health for a wilderness survivor becomes a paramount concern when the facilities and equipment for qualified first aid are not available.

Treatment of any disease in natural conditions is complicated:

high probability of infection (poor hygienic survival conditions);
acclimatization (exacerbation of intestinal, colds, infectious diseases);
lack of medical drugs;
adverse climate conditions (high humidity, heat, cold).

Therefore, the main protection against diseases and injuries is their daily prevention, the observance of which will require the mastery of many simple techniques - personal hygiene. The use of these techniques will protect against a number of very serious infectious diseases: typhoid fever, cholera, plague, dysentery, malaria, colds.

Usually on a hike and in a temporary shelter, there are no opportunities for washing with hot water and soap, washing clothes, cutting hair and shaving. However, compliance with certain rules is strictly mandatory.

When staying in the forest for a long time, it is necessary to cut your hair short, cut your fingernails and toenails as short as possible. We must always take care that underwear and socks (footcloths) remain clean and dry. At least once a day during halts (overnight) it is necessary to shake out clothes, shoes and underwear, air them and dry them. Wash your hands at least with cold water or wipe them with disinfectants (alcohol, gasoline, potassium permanganate, aftershave cream, etc.). If the weather and external conditions allow, it is imperative to swim in natural reservoirs with clean water or organize washing of limbs with hot water, as well as washing clothes.

Scuffed legs should be avoided at all costs. Abrasions of the feet usually arise from ill-fitting shoes, from walking in wet shoes for a long time, from the inability to wind footcloths, from the fact that the toenails are too large and dirty. It is necessary that the shoes are always dry, worn out, without folds and irregularities inside. Good shoes should be durable, with strong lacing (no Velcro!) and high. Each tourist must have at least two pairs of shoes in his personal property.

Failure to comply with sanitary and hygienic requirements for equipment, and especially for clothes and shoes, can easily become the cause of various scuffs, blisters and blisters on a hike. More often, these tourists suffer from this, who, for the sake of a misunderstood fashion, wear too tight trousers, tight shoes with high heels or without heels, and other shoes and clothes that are not suitable for hiking conditions.

Painful abrasions easily occur in those who do not follow the cleanliness of the body on the road, poorly pack their backpack, carelessly put on socks, do not repair them, or wear shoes on their bare feet without thick insoles and woolen socks.

During the trip, one must quickly respond to changes in weather and other conditions and, accordingly, change the form of clothing and the pace of movement, avoiding prolonged local overheating of the body, movement in damp clothes that are not justified by the situation of "march throws", in which beginners, as a rule, legs get knocked off.

If you find the slightest inconvenience in shoes or clothes, you must, without waiting until it develops into a namin or abrasion, try to eliminate the cause that caused it. To do this, it is advisable to change clothes, change shoes, change socks. Sometimes, as a preventive measure, it is necessary to use bandaging the legs with an elastic bandage, wearing (when rowing on a boat) gloves, laying a soft object between the backpack and the back, etc. Regular hygiene procedures and keeping the body clean are excellent prevention.

Daily skin and toe care is strictly required. One of the means of preventing fungal diseases is daily wiping the skin folds between the toes with a disinfectant solution: 0,5% potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate), 2-3% formalin; soap paste, boric acid. You can also sprinkle skin folds with dry tinder fungus, fluff of fireweed (willow tea), sphagnum moss, ground into dust.

Daily cleaning of the oral cavity. In case of non-compliance, caries, periodontal disease, and other diseases of the oral cavity may develop. A toothbrush can be replaced by a finger or a branch of a young shrub, a tree with a diameter of 0,5 cm, split on one side with a cross cut with a knife, washed charcoal will replace the toothpaste, plants with a bactericidal property (spruce, pine, mint), iodine, potassium permanganate in rinse form.

To prevent poisoning, it is necessary to follow the simplest hygiene rules: in field conditions, you can not use boiled sausages, untested home-made meat and dairy products, canned food in swollen (so-called bombed) cans; drinking water should be taken only from clean sources and boiled; canned food in opened, especially metal, cans should not be left for reuse; you can not eat foods with a rancid odor or that have lost their normal appearance and color.

Prevention of heatstroke

To prevent overheating and thermal shock some simple rules should be followed:

do not wear unreasonably warm and "stuffy" (not providing ventilation and not absorbing sweat) clothes;
in summer, make transitions on the route in the early, cool time of the day, and rest in hot weather;
when moving, if possible, use a shade or places blown by the wind;
do not go on the route immediately after eating a large meal;
slow down in extreme heat.

First aid for heat stroke. The victim is transferred to the shade, freed from constricting clothing, given plenty of drink, moistened head and chest with cold water (the head should be raised). If necessary, make artificial respiration. Inside they give caffeine, and for headaches - amidopyrine, analgin.

First aid for nosebleeds. The victim is planted and provided with peace. A cold compress is placed on the bridge of the nose and the back of the head. If the bleeding does not stop, the nostrils are squeezed for 3-5 minutes with fingers or the bleeding nostril is plugged with cotton, gauze, moistened with hydrogen peroxide.

Sunstroke, burn, snow blindness. Solar radiation in the form of strong or prolonged exposure to ultraviolet rays can cause sunstroke in a person - a phenomenon similar to heat stroke, and burns on unprotected skin or mucous membranes. Even such a harmless form of a burn as "re-sunburn" spoils the impression of the entire route and causes painful sensations from the backpack straps on the tourist's shoulders. You should be especially careful on the snow and on the water. Light reflected from a snowy or water surface easily causes burns on the lips, ears, nasal mucosa, and chin. A special type of burn is a burn of the mucous membrane of the eyes - the so-called snow blindness, accompanied by pain in the eyes, nausea, lacrimation, temporary loss of vision.

Prevention of snow blindness in many ways similar to the prevention of heat stroke. Additional requirements must also be met:

in summer, wear a light-colored hat with a visor and sunglasses;
use protective sunscreen (such as "Shield", "Ray", "Nivea");
tourists not accustomed to intense solar radiation should wear shirts with long sleeves and a collar that covers the neck;
it is forbidden to take sunbaths on a full or empty stomach, sleep in the sun;
hardening by the sun during the journey should be carried out gradually and carefully.

First aid for snow blindness. The eyes are washed with a weak solution of boric acid, soda, a pale pink solution of potassium permanganate or strong cold tea. The victim is prescribed temporary rest and wearing dark glasses.

Wind chill. Strong wind leads to hypothermia and frostbite even at moderately low temperatures. Below is a table that shows the ratio of air temperature and wind speed at which frostbite can easily occur on exposed parts of the face.

The wind that causes snow, blizzard, dust storm, significantly worsens visibility, distorts the idea of distance. A strong wind not only makes it difficult to move and leads to a loss of orientation, but also causes nervous fatigue, depression, a kind of demoralization, especially among inexperienced tourists.

Wind chill prevention. Similar to prophylaxis against the dangers of cold. In case of very strong wind, snowstorm, blizzard, dusty storm, it is necessary to stop moving along the route and camp in a forced bivouac under the protection of a dense forest, a steep river bank, etc. In windy and dusty weather, wear safety goggles to prevent clogging of the eyes.

First aid for clogged eyes. Removal of a foreign body (mote) that has fallen on the mucous membrane of the eyelid or eyeball begins with an examination of the mucous membrane of the lower eyelid. To do this, the victim is forced to look straight up and the edge of the eyelid is pulled down with the thumb. To examine the mucous membrane of the upper eyelid, the patient is asked to look straight down, while the skin of the eyelid is pulled down and then twisted. Having found a speck, it is carefully removed with a damp cotton swab, preferably dipped in a solution of boric acid. If for some reason the mote is not removed or is located on the cornea, the victim should be sent to the first-aid post as soon as possible. Do not rub your eyes or lick the mote. After removing the mote, you need to drip a solution of albucid 3-4 drops 1-2 times.

Author: Mikhailov L.A.

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