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BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
Self-driving of animals. Basics of safe life
Directory / Basics of safe life All modern samolovy divided into portable and stationary. In relation to the situation of autonomous survival, we will be interested only in portable ones. Wooden portable trappers Portable traps are not installed in one permanent place. They can be moved to new places if desired. Portable self-traps are metal arc restraining and pressing traps, all kinds of snares, loops and wooden home-made pierces and slips. The principle of operation for all cherkans is the same. In different regions, they differ only in the form of a pressing device and in the details of the alert. In a wooden frame, a T-shaped pressure rod moves from top to bottom along the guide slots under the force of a stretched bow or a multi-turn cylindrical steel spring. The guard with the watchful interact with the help of a rope pull. On fig. 2.5, but depicts a chalk with a square frame knocked down from planks. In the middle part, a bow is threaded and strengthened through the holes in the planks, at the bottom - a nut. In the lower part of the side plates, along the inner side, grooves are cut through which the T-shaped pressing lever (IV) moves under the action of the bowstring. The gatehouse (II) is a stick as thick as a pencil and 58 cm long. At one end, a centimeter from the edge, a long cord is attached to the gatehouse, connecting the gatehouse to the end of another similar stick - chelak (III). Chelak on a short cord is tied to the upper crossbar. The gatehouse in the form of a thin stick (I) in a position raised above the threshold rests with its ends against the grooves and does not allow the gatehouse (II) to turn out from under the pressing lever (IV). To alert the chirkan, the pressing lever, together with the bowstring, is lifted up. The bowstring is hooked with the short shoulder of the chelak, which blocks the main force of the bow. Next, they pull the lace with the gatehouse, picking up the crossbar of the pressing lever with its short shoulder, and rest the free end against the guard raised above the threshold. Cherkan of this design works as follows. The animal, crawling between the crossbar of the pressure rod and the threshold, presses on the alert. It goes down (Fig. 2.5, a, I) and releases the guard (II), which turns outward, freeing the chelak (III), and with it the bowstring, and the bow works, pressing the cross member of the pressure rod to the nut (IV). The same principle applies to the chirps shown in Fig. 2.5 g, d. The bow is the main detail in the cherkan. The reliability of work and the catchability of the samolov depend on its elasticity. Onions are recommended to be made from well-dried wood of euonymus, honeysuckle or from a small-layer larch trunk. You can also use cedar and spruce, but they make weaker bows. A wooden bow can be replaced with a steel bar, preferably not one thick one, but several thin ones tied together. Usually the bowstring is made of rope, but many hunters make it from tendons. A bow with a frame (see Fig. 2.5, b) is made of a flyer, and the bow is replaced by a multi-turn cylindrical spring working in compression.
In the lower part, the flyer is connected by a threshold, to which a T-shaped pressure rod is pressed by a spring. Grooves are cut out on the inner sides of the flyer, along which the cross member of the pressure rod moves freely. A hole is drilled at the top of the flyer for stability of the rod. There is also a guard tied on a string. To alert this samolov, the spring is compressed, the pressure rod is lifted upwards, grabbing its crossbar with the short shoulder of the gatehouse (II), which gives it a vertical position, and so that it does not turn outward, its end rests on the guard (I), which is blocked in the lower part of the passage between the sill and the cross member of the pressing lever. The sequence of operation of this chirkan is almost the same as that of the previous one, with the only difference being that when pressing on the guard (I), the free end of the guard (II) is released, which, turning out from under the cross member, releases the pressing lever. The sensitivity of the guard with a guard without a chelak is much worse. With a very tight spring or a tight bow, alertness can cause a delay, which in the fishery for the smallest fur-bearing animals can lead to catches. The frame of the chirkan is folded from a whole rod of elm, birch or other tree that lends itself to bending in a steamed form. A rod with the same thickness (2-3 cm) is selected along the entire required length, the places of bends are marked and cuts are made on them by 2/3 of the thickness in the form of a right angle with a rounded top (see Fig. 2.5, c, detail 1). Having well steamed these cutouts in hot ash, they are bent. The free ends in the upper part of the frame are connected by the sides, having previously cut half-cylinders in them in size slightly exceeding the diameter of the pressure lever rod. Then the ends are planed from the sides and connected with nails or wire (see Fig. 2.5, c, detail 2). In this cherkan, the chelak performs a dual role. With a small shoulder, he completely takes on the strength of the bow, and with a long shoulder he works as a gatehouse, on the free end of which there is a loop from a sim card that acts as a guard. At a wary trap, stretched sims (I) block the passage above the threshold. They are connected by one rod - a cord with a loop encircling the pressing rod and the free lower end of the chelak. The animal, climbing through the threshold, pulls the sims (I) and pulls the loop (II) from the tip of the chelak (III), which turns out and releases the bowstring, acting by the force of the stretched bow on the pressing lever (II). Cherkan in fig. 2.5, г also made on the basis of a frame bent from a whole rod. This frame differs in that its free ends are fastened with a threshold, pointed and lowered down. Stuck into the snow or into the ground, they give the scoop the necessary stability. The bow is tied to the frame firmly with a cord or wire, since the pressure rod has no guides or points of support. Otherwise, the alertness and operation of this samolov is the same as that of the previous one. Cherkan in fig. 2.5, д mounted not with a frame, but with a hollowed-out tray, and the pressure lever in it is replaced by a pressure paddle. The guides for it are the back wall of the tray and the middle of the wooden part of the bow. For the movement of the bowstring, cuts are made in the side walls of the tray. The passage through this pier is limited by a round hole cut in the wall of the tray. He is alert with the help of a chelak, a gatehouse and a guard. From all the described wooden samolovs, the cherkan shown in fig. 2.5, e, differs in that instead of a nut and a pressure rod of a fallen animal, two planes are clamped. The bottom platform serves as the base. A flyer is tightly attached to it, on the sides of which a wooden plank moves freely with holes made in it, corresponding in width and size to the fork. A pressing rod connected to the string of a bow is tightly attached to this plank with several supports. He has a chelak and a gatehouse in the form of a rod suspended on a sim card, a guard in the form of a false raised floor - a thin plank, which, on the one hand, is put on the shoulder of the fork with a hole, and on the other, with a special hole, holds the gatehouse in the cocked position. When alerting this chirkan, they raise the pressing plane and grab it by the edge with the short shoulder of the gatehouse, and hook the free end to the hole in the raised floor. The bait is hung in the middle of the pressure plate in such a way that the animal visiting the trap, reaching for it from any side, steps on the false floor and alerts the trap. Kulemka Portable bags are well known in the taiga of Western Siberia, where the Siberian mole is hunted, which is twice as large and much more cautious than the European one. In metal mole traps, not devoid of the smell of human hands, moles do not come across and bypass them or clog them with earth. Therefore, hunters prefer to catch Siberian moles with culms. Trees 10-12 cm thick with a rotten or soft core are suitable for making kulemok. The trunk of such a tree is sawn into logs 12 cm long. One third of the log is cut off and through this chip the entire middle is selected with a chisel or chisel, making it grooved, thereby turning the log into a wooden arch 2-3 cm thick. On the convex upper part of the arch, measure 6 cm and a window is cut through a depth of 1/3 of the arch and a width of 4 cm. The convex 6-centimeter part of the arch is cut off by a centimeter for the stability of the gatehouse-plank placed on this surface, the width of which can be 3-4 cm, and the length - 7 cm. One outer end the planks are aligned with the cut of the arch and paired with a guard-flier with a square cutout on the rod, and at the other end of the guard, hanging a centimeter above the window, they rest against the crush of the bag, embedded in the split of the oppression-log. In each mole passage, two such bags are placed on alert, one towards the other. The mole goes into wooden bags without fear, pushes the guard, thereby freeing the guard board, from which the crush jumps off and presses the animal across its back to the ground. The hunter spreads wooden arches, crushes and guards with gatehouses along the hunting path, and he makes oppression out of dead wood at the place where the sacks are installed. Silks, loops For catching waterfowl and animals (from the smallest - squirrels, marmots, rabbits to relatively large ones - dogs, roe deer, small wild boars), spring-loaded snares and loops are widely used (Fig. 2.6-2.8). The hare snare is made of soft steel wire with a diameter of 0,8-1,5 mm. Hares break wire less than 0,8 mm thick in half the cases. A wire thicker than 1,5 mm is very noticeable, and about a third of the hares bypass it. A loop with a diameter of 20 cm is installed on paths trodden in the snow in places where the hare walks quickly, in clearings and clearings, between thickets, in light forests. When installing the loop, natural camouflage means and obstacles are used: a twig bent over the path, a fallen tree, etc. The loop is placed vertically at a height of 14-17 cm from the ground.
Slingshots, bola For catching small birds and animals can be used slingshots, boomerangs (Fig. 2.9), etc.
Fig. 2.9. Slingshot (a), bola (b) Ungulates with some training can be caught using bola (three pieces of rope, each about a meter long, tied together; a stone is tied to the ends of each of the pieces). To catch an animal, you need to take the bolt by the knot and, spinning it over your head, throw it at the animal. The rotating ends securely entangle the legs of the animal, hobble it. Live traps are portable Trapping buckets Upland game hunters hunt with buckets and cages made in the form of conical baskets up to 2 m high and up to 70 cm wide (Fig. 2.10). Such a basket-ladle is placed with the wide side up and a polished balancing stick or disk is suspended above it, and branches with tassels of berries are tied above them. Birds that have arrived to peck at berries try to sit on a balancing stick or disk and fall into the basket-ladle.
Covering networks Pheasants and partridges for winter overexposure are caught with a tent - a covering net in the form of a square with sides of 7-8 m (Fig. 2.11). This network is knitted from nylon threads with a thickness of 0,8-1 mm with cells 4x4 cm. At the square connected for this purpose, 3-mm stretch cords are pulled through the cells of the network diagonally and between them. In the center of the square, at the intersection of the diagonals, a hole with a diameter of 7-10 cm, sheathed with a metal ring, is made. A gatehouse and a guard are tied to this ring from two diametrically opposite sides. In the middle of the feeding area, to which pheasants or partridges are attached, a 1,5-meter guard stake 5-6 cm thick is driven into the ground. With the help of a guard, the top of the tent is hung on it and stretch marks are stretched with pegs so that the lower sides of the tent (along the perimeter) were above the ground at a height of 20-30 cm.
Fig. 2.11. Covering networks The catcher from the shelter can disturb the tent, pulling off the alert with the help of a long cord tied to it (Fig. 2.11, a). The same alert can be used to equip a tent, which is disturbed by the birds themselves who have visited the trap. To do this, at the free end of the gatehouse fig. 2.11, b (IV) they tie a string up to the base of the guard stake, on which a notch is made at a height of 15 cm from the ground. At the level of this notch, in the conditions of an alert tent, a chelak (additional gatehouse) is tied to a stretched cord - a stick 10 cm long (II). The short end of this gatehouse chelak rests against a notch on the guard stake, and the free end is lowered and propped up with a fallen floor - a thin plank or stick, on which a lattice of thin twigs is laid (Fig. 2.11b(V). Feed is scattered on this grate and around it. The birds that visited the feeding site, pecking it and running from place to place, step on the grate - the floor (I), lowering the watch stick down and thereby freeing the chelak (II), which twists up along with the cord and releases the upper guard (III ). The latter, jumping off the guard stake, releases the top of the net, and the tent falls down, covering the birds. Quails are caught with a light net of 8x8 m, knitted from a thin green or gray thread with a mesh of 2,5-3,5 cm. From morning, until dawn, the catcher goes out into the field and throws the net over the grass so that the bird can enter under her. Then the quails are lured with the help of a decoy or a female quail planted in a cage. When the catcher is convinced that the quail is under the net, the bird is scared away, and it gets tangled in the net. In the recent past, industrial trapping of quails was practiced in this way. At present, due to the catastrophic reduction in the number of quails, trapping with their nets is strictly prohibited everywhere. Author: Mikhailov L.A.
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