Rules of behavior and actions of the population in the focus of chemical damage. OBZhD

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Chemical weapon. Rules of behavior and actions of the population in the focus of chemical damage. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

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Chemical weapons are one of the types of weapons of mass destruction. There have been sporadic attempts to use chemical weapons for military purposes throughout the history of warfare. For the first time in 1915, Germany used poisonous substances in the Ypres region (Belgium). In the first hours, about 6 thousand people died, and 15 thousand received injuries of varying severity. In the future, the armies of other warring countries also began to actively use chemical weapons.

Chemical weapons - these are toxic substances and means of delivering them to the target.

poisonous substances - These are toxic (poisonous) chemical compounds that affect people and animals, infecting the air, terrain, water bodies and various objects on the ground. Some toxins are designed to kill plants.

К means of delivery include artillery chemical projectiles and mines (VAP), warheads of rockets in chemical equipment, chemical land mines, checkers, grenades and cartridges.

According to military experts, chemical weapons are intended to kill people, reduce their combat and work capacity.

Phytotoxins are intended for the destruction of cereals and other types of agricultural crops in order to deprive the enemy of the food base and undermine the military-economic potential.

A special group of chemical weapons include binary chemical munitions, which are two containers with different substances - non-toxic in their pure form, but when they are mixed during an explosion, a highly toxic compound is obtained.

Poisonous substances, phytotoxins, can have various states of aggregation (vapor, aerosol, liquid) and affect people through the respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract or when they come into contact with the skin.

According to the physiological action, agents are divided into groups:

1) Nerve agents - sarin, soman, VX. They cause dysfunction of the nervous system, muscle cramps, paralysis and death;

2) agents of blistering action - mustard gas, lumizite. Affect the skin, eyes, respiratory and digestive organs. Signs of skin damage - redness (2-6 hours after contact with the agent), then the formation of blisters and ulcers. At a concentration of mustard gas 0,1 g/m³ eye damage occurs with loss of vision;

3) OM of general toxic action - hydrocyanic acid and cyanogen chloride. The defeat occurs through the respiratory system and when it enters the gastrointestinal tract with water and food. In case of poisoning, severe shortness of breath, a feeling of fear, convulsions, paralysis appear;

4) OV psychochemical action - Bi-Zet. It strikes through the respiratory system. Violates coordination of movements, causes hallucinations and mental disorders;

5) OV of irritating action - CS (CS), CR (Ci-Ar). Cause respiratory and eye irritation;

6) nerve-paralytic, blistering, general poisonous and suffocating agents, which are lethal agents;

7) OV of psychochemical and irritating action, temporarily incapacitating people.

According to the speed of the onset of the damaging effect, there are:

1) high-speed agents (sarin, soman, hydrocyanic acid, CI-ES, CI-Ar);

2) slow-acting (Vi-X, mustard gas, phosgene, Bi-zet).

According to the duration of the action, there are:

1) persistent agents - retain a damaging effect for several hours or days (Vi-X, mustard gas, soman);

2) unstable agents - retain their damaging effect for several tens of minutes (hydrocyanic acid, phosgene, sarin).

The territory exposed to toxic substances, as a result of which damage to people, animals or plants has occurred or may occur, is site of chemical attack.

Modern toxic substances have extremely high toxicity. Therefore, the timeliness of the actions of the population aimed at preventing the damage to agents will largely depend on the knowledge of the rules of behavior in case of chemical damage.

The appearance behind a flying plane of a dark, rapidly settling and dispersing stripe, the formation of a white or slightly colored cloud at the site of an aerial bomb explosion give reason to assume that there are toxic substances in the air. In addition, OM drops are clearly visible on asphalt, building walls, plant leaves, and other objects. The presence of toxic substances can also be judged by the way flowers and greens wither under their influence, birds die.

If signs of the use of toxic substances are detected (at the signal "Chemical alarm"), it is urgent to put on a gas mask, and, if necessary, skin protection equipment; if there is a shelter nearby, take cover in it. Before entering the shelter, you should remove the used skin protection equipment and outer clothing and leave them in the shelter vestibule; this precaution prevents the OV from entering the shelter. The gas mask is removed after entering the shelter.

When using a shelter (basement, covered gap, etc.), one should not forget that it can serve as protection against droplet-liquid agents getting on the skin and clothing, but does not protect against vapors or aerosols of toxic substances in the air. When staying in such shelters in conditions of external infection, it is imperative to use a gas mask.

You should stay in the shelter (shelter) until you receive an order to leave it. When such an order is received, it is necessary to put on the required personal protective equipment (persons in shelters - gas masks and skin protection, people in shelters and already using gas masks - skin protection) and leave the facility to go outside the lesion .

You need to leave the focus of chemical damage in the directions indicated by special signs or indicated by civil defense (police) posts. If there are no signs or posts, then you should move in the direction perpendicular to the direction of the wind. This will ensure the fastest exit from the lesion, since the depth of the spread of the cloud of contaminated air (it coincides with the direction of the wind) is several times greater than the width of its front.

On the territory contaminated with toxic substances, you must move quickly, but do not run and do not raise dust.

You can not lean against buildings and touch surrounding objects - they can be infected. Do not step on visible drops and smears of agents.

It is forbidden to remove gas masks and other protective equipment in the contaminated area. In cases where it is not known whether the area is infected or not, it is better to act as if it were infected.

Particular care should be taken when moving through the infected area through parks, gardens, vegetable gardens and fields. On the leaves and branches of plants there may be settled drops of OM, when touched they can infect clothes and shoes, which can lead to injury.

If possible, you should avoid driving through ravines and hollows, through meadows and swamps, in these places a long stagnation of vapors of toxic substances is possible.

In cities, OM vapors can stagnate in closed quarters, parks, as well as in the entrances and attics of houses. The infected cloud in the city spreads over the greatest distances through the streets, tunnels, pipelines.

In case of detection after a chemical attack by the enemy or while moving through the contaminated area, drops, smears of toxic substances on the skin, clothes, shoes or personal protective equipment, you must immediately remove them with swabs of gauze or cotton; if there are no such swabs, drops (smears) of OM can be removed with swabs made of paper or rags. Affected areas should be treated with a solution from a chemical bag or by washing thoroughly with warm water and soap.

Having met on the way out of the focus of the lesion the elderly and the disabled, you need to help them go to uncontaminated territory. The injured should be helped.

After leaving the focus of chemical damage, complete sanitization is carried out as soon as possible. If this cannot be done quickly, partial degassing and sanitization are carried out.

Authors: Ivanyukov M.I., Alekseev V.S.

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