Emergencies in case of accidents at chemically hazardous facilities. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
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Emergencies in case of accidents at chemically hazardous facilities. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

Chemically hazardous facility (CHOO) - this is an object where, in the event of an accident, people, farm animals and plants may be injured, or the environment may be contaminated with hazardous chemicals in concentrations or quantities exceeding the natural level of their content in nature.

Stocks of toxic substances are necessary for the activities of chemical, oil refining and other industries. Despite the safety measures taken, it is almost impossible to completely eliminate the possibility of an accident at the chemical weapons facility.

In most cases, these accidents are caused by a violation of production technology, high wear and tear of equipment, non-compliance with safety measures, laxity, drunkenness, and negligence of individual workers.

According to the scale of the consequences of an accident at the HOO, they are divided into the following types:

1) local (consequences are limited to one XOO workshop);

2) local (consequences are limited to the production site of the HOO or its sanitary protection zone);

3) general (the consequences extend beyond the sanitary protection zone of the XOO, and an emergency situation arises with the ensuing consequences for the population living near the XOO).

In most cases, during the emergency destruction of technological equipment, toxic substances flow out in the form of a liquid, are released into the atmosphere in the form of gas, vapor or aerosol. The cloud can spread over long distances and infect territories along its path with toxic substances.

According to the degree of danger, accidents at chemical facilities are divided into the following types:

1) private - accidents either not related to the release of chemical poisonous substances, or associated with a minor leak of toxic substances;

2) object - accidents associated with the leakage of toxic substances from process equipment or pipelines. The depth of the threshold zone is less than the radius of the sanitary protection zone around the enterprise;

3) local - accidents associated with the destruction of a large single container or a whole warehouse of chemical toxic substances. A cloud of toxic fumes reaches a residential area, an emergency occurs, evacuation from nearby residential areas and other relevant activities are carried out;

4) regional - Accidents with a significant release of toxic chemicals. There is a spread of the cloud into the depths of residential areas, and a threat is created to the life of the population of the region. There is a regional emergency. At the same time, the headquarters of the unified state system for the prevention and elimination of emergencies (RSChS) is being created to eliminate the emergencies that have arisen;

5) global - accidents with the complete destruction of all storage facilities with chemical toxic substances at large chemically hazardous enterprises, when a threat is created to the life of the population of several regions and neighboring states. In this emergency, the required number of units of the RSChS, the Russian Emergencies Ministry is mobilized, and the leadership of neighboring states is notified.

A distinctive feature of accidents at chemical facilities is that at high concentrations of chemicals, people can be injured in a short time. Therefore, the preservation of human life and health will depend on knowledge of the signs of the appearance of certain hazardous substances in the environment, the rules of conduct and the necessary protective measures, skillful actions of the population and rescue services.

To protect the public and personnel in case of accidents at chemically hazardous facilities, it is recommended:

1) use personal protective equipment and shelters with a regime of complete isolation;

2) to produce at the signal "Attention everyone!" (these are sirens and beeps of enterprises) organized evacuation from the contaminated zone that arose during the accident;

3) apply antidotes and means of treating the skin in case of damage to the body, depending on the type of poisonous substance;

4) observe the regime of behavior and protection in the contaminated territory up to the liquidation and cancellation of the emergency;

5) undergo sanitary treatment, clean clothes, territory, structures, equipment and property.

If we take into account that the deterioration of equipment at chemically hazardous facilities is 70-80% (in general, throughout Russia, according to chemists), then it is quite obvious that exercises should be conducted at these facilities directly and with the participation of the population living near the HOO. Further, the population must be provided with leaflets with information on the types of possible accidents, indicating hazardous chemicals, the release and distribution of which will occur in this case. The same leaflets should contain information on the procedure for the use of personal protective equipment and the behavior of the population.

In a market economy, when there is a desire to reduce the cost of financing various preventive measures at chemical facilities (usually expensive), accidents can lead to great loss of life.

The population living near the HOO must be constantly on the alert, always have personal protective equipment at hand. In addition, if possible, visually monitor the work of the HOO and report to the local structures of the RSChS about the signs of an accident in the form of a sharp increasing smell, multi-colored clouds over the HOO (they are yellow, pink, brown, black).

Authors: Ivanyukov M.I., Alekseev V.S.

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