The impact of harmful substances on humans. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
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The impact of harmful substances on humans. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

About 7 million are currently known. chemicals and compounds, of which approximately 60 thousand are used in human activities and have a different effect on the human body.

Harmful is a substance that, upon contact with the human body, can cause injuries, diseases or deviations in health, detected both in the process of contact with them, and in the long-term life of the present and subsequent generations.

Chemical substances of organic, inorganic and organoelement origin depending on their practical use classified into:

1) industrial poisons used in production (organic solvents, fuels, dyes);

2) pesticides used in agriculture (pesticides, insecticides, etc.);

3) medicines;

4) household chemicals used in the form of food additives (acetic acid), sanitation, personal hygiene, cosmetics, etc.;

5) biological plant and animal poisons contained in plants and fungi, animals and insects;

6) toxic substances (sarin, mustard gas, phosgene, etc.).

All harmful substances have a toxic effect on the human body, which is characterized by toxicometric indicators, according to which substances are classified as extremely toxic, highly toxic, moderately toxic and low toxic. The effect of the toxic action of various substances depends on the amount of the substance that has entered the body, its physical properties, duration of intake, interaction with the biological environment of the body, gender, age, individual sensitivity, routes of entry and excretion, distribution in the body, as well as meteorological conditions and other related factors. environment. Poisons have a general toxic effect and a selective effect.

General toxic effect of poisons:

1) nerve agent (suffocation, convulsions);

2) skin-resorptive (inflammatory and necrotic changes);

3) general toxic (hypoxic convulsions, coma, cerebral edema); tear and irritant (irritation of external mucous membranes); mental (impaired mental activity, consciousness).

Selective action of poisons:

1) cardiac with a predominant cardiotoxic effect (drugs, plant poisons, metal salts);

2) nervous, causing a violation of predominantly mental activity (carbon monoxide, alcohol, drugs, etc.);

3) hepatic (chlorinated hydrocarbons, phenols, aldehydes, etc.);

4) renal (heavy metal compounds);

5) blood (aniline and its derivatives, nitrites, etc.);

6) pulmonary (nitrogen oxides, ozone, phosgene).

Author: Muradova E.O.

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