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BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
Biological (bacteriological) weapons. Rules of behavior and actions of the population in the focus of bacteriological damage. Basics of safe life
Directory / Basics of safe life The basis of the destructive effect of biological weapons is biological agents (BS) - biological agents specially selected for combat use, capable of causing mass severe diseases (damages) in people, animals, plants. К biological agents include individual representatives of pathogenic, i.e. pathogenic microorganisms - causative agents of the most dangerous infectious diseases in humans, farm animals and plants; waste products of some microbes, in particular from the class of bacteria, which have extremely high toxicity in relation to the human body and animals and cause severe damage (poisoning) when they enter the body. In order to destroy crops of cereals and industrial crops and thereby undermine the economic potential of the enemy, one can expect the deliberate use of insects, the most dangerous pests of agricultural crops, as biological means. Pathogenic microorganisms - the causative agents of infectious diseases in humans and animals - depending on the size, structure and biological properties are divided into the following classes: bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, fungi, spirochetes and protozoa. The last two classes of microorganisms as biological means of destruction, according to foreign experts, do not matter. bacteria - single-celled microorganisms of plant nature, very diverse in their form. Their sizes are from 0,5 to 8-10 microns. Bacteria in vegetative form, i.e. in the form of growth and development, are very sensitive to the effects of high temperature, sunlight, sharp fluctuations in humidity and disinfectants and, conversely, retain sufficient stability even at temperatures as low as -15 - -25 ° C. Some bacterial species are able to encapsulate or form spores to survive in adverse conditions, which are very resistant to desiccation, lack of nutrients, exposure to high and low temperatures and disinfectants. Of the pathogenic bacteria, the causative agents of anthrax, botulism, tetanus, etc. have the ability to form spores. According to the literature, almost all types of bacteria used as means of destruction are relatively easy to grow on artificial nutrient media, and their mass production is possible using equipment and processes. used by industry in the production of antibiotics, vitamins and modern fermentation products. The class of bacteria includes the causative agents of most of the most dangerous human diseases, such as plague, cholera, anthrax, glanders, melioidosis, etc. Viruses - an extensive group of microorganisms with sizes from 0,08 to 0,35 microns. They are able to live and multiply only in living cells due to the use of the biosynthetic apparatus of the host cell, i.e. are intracellular parasites. Viruses are relatively resistant to low temperatures and desiccation. Sunlight, especially ultraviolet rays, as well as temperatures above 60 ° C and disinfectants (formalin, chloramine, etc.) have a detrimental effect on viruses. Viruses are the cause of more than 75 human diseases, including such highly dangerous ones as smallpox, yellow fever, etc. Rickettsia - a group of microorganisms that occupies an intermediate position between bacteria and viruses. Their sizes are from 0,3 to 0,5 microns. Rickettsia do not form spores, are resistant to drying, freezing and fluctuations in relative humidity, but are quite sensitive to high temperatures and disinfectants. Diseases caused by rickettsia are called rickettsiosis; among them are such highly dangerous ones as typhus, spotted fever of the Rocky Mountains, etc. Under natural conditions, rickettsiosis is transmitted to humans mainly through blood-sucking arthropods, in the body of which pathogens often live as harmless parasites. mushrooms - unicellular or multicellular microorganisms of plant origin. Their sizes are from 3 to 50 microns and more. Fungi can form spores that are highly resistant to freezing, drying, sunlight and disinfectants. Diseases caused by pathogenic fungi are called mycoses. Among them are such serious human diseases as coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, etc. The foci of bacteriological damage they call cities, other settlements, objects of the national economy and territories infected with bacterial agents and which are sources of the spread of infectious diseases. The enemy can create such a hotbed using numerous pathogens of various infectious diseases. The timeliness and effectiveness of taking measures to protect against bacteriological agents, which form the basis of the destructive effect of bacteriological weapons, will be largely determined by how well the signs of an enemy bacteriological attack are studied. With some observation, one can notice in the places of ruptures of bacterial ammunition the presence of drops of liquid or powdery substances on the soil, vegetation and various objects, and when the ammunition bursts, the formation of a light cloud of smoke (fog); the appearance of a dark stripe behind a flying aircraft, which gradually settles and dissipates; the accumulation of insects and rodents, the most dangerous carriers of bacterial agents, unusual for a given area and a given season; the emergence of mass diseases among people and farm animals, as well as the mass death of animals. Having discovered at least one of the signs of the use of bacteriological weapons by the enemy, it is necessary to immediately put on a gas mask (respirator, anti-dust fabric mask or cotton-gauze bandage), if possible - skin protection and report this to the nearest civil defense control body or medical institution. Then, depending on the situation, you can take cover in a protective structure (shelter, anti-radiation or simple shelter). Timely and correct use of personal protective equipment and protective structures will prevent bacterial agents from entering the respiratory system, skin and clothing. Successful defense against bacteriological weapons largely depends, moreover, on the degree of immunity of the population to infectious diseases and the effects of toxins. Immunity can be achieved primarily by general strengthening of the body through systematic hardening and physical education and sports; even in peacetime, the holding of these events should be the rule for the entire population. Immunity is also achieved by carrying out specific prophylaxis, which is usually carried out in advance by inoculation with vaccines and sera. In addition, immediately in case of a threat of injury (or after injury) by bacterial agents, antibacterial agent No. 1 from the AI-2 first aid kit should be used. In order to ensure effective protection against bacteriological weapons, anti-epidemic and sanitary-hygienic measures are of great importance. It is necessary to strictly observe the rules of personal hygiene and sanitary and hygienic requirements when providing food and water supply to the population. Cooking and eating should exclude the possibility of contamination with bacterial agents. Various types of utensils used in the preparation and consumption of food must be washed with disinfectant solutions or boiled. The simultaneous emergence of a significant number of infectious diseases among people in the event that the enemy uses bacteriological weapons can have a strong psychological impact even on healthy people. The actions and behavior of each person in this case should be aimed at preventing possible panic. To prevent the spread of infectious diseases when the enemy uses bacteriological weapons, quarantine and observation are applied by orders of the chiefs of civil defense of districts and cities (as well as objects of the national economy). Quarantine is introduced when it is indisputably established that the enemy has used bacteriological weapons, and mainly in cases where the pathogens used are particularly dangerous (plague, cholera, etc.). The quarantine regime provides for the complete isolation of the lesion from the surrounding population; it aims to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. Armed guards are established at the outer borders of the quarantine zone, commandant service and patrols are organized, and traffic is regulated. In settlements and at facilities where quarantine has been established, a local (internal) commandant's service is organized, infection isolation centers and hospitals, checkpoints, etc. are guarded. From areas in which quarantine is declared, the exit of people, the withdrawal of animals and the export of property are prohibited. Entry into the contaminated territory is allowed by the chiefs of civil defense only to special formations and modes of transport. Transit passage of transport through the lesions is prohibited (the only exception can be railway transport). The objects of the national economy that are in the quarantine zone and continue their production activities are switching to a special mode of operation with strict compliance with anti-epidemic requirements. Work shifts are divided into separate groups (possibly smaller in composition), contact between them is reduced to a minimum. Meals and rest for workers and employees are organized in groups in specially designated rooms. In the quarantine zone, the work of all educational institutions, entertainment institutions, markets and bazaars is stopped. The population in the quarantine zone is divided into small groups (the so-called fractional quarantine). He is not allowed to leave his apartments or houses unless absolutely necessary. Food, water and basic necessities are delivered to such populations by special teams. If it is necessary to perform urgent work outside buildings, people must be sure to wear personal protective equipment. Each citizen bears strict responsibility for compliance with regime measures in the quarantine zone, control over their observance is carried out by the public order service. In the event that the established type of pathogen does not belong to the group of especially dangerous, the introduced quarantine is replaced by an observation, which provides for medical observation of the lesion and the necessary therapeutic and preventive measures. Isolation and restrictive measures during observation are less stringent than during quarantine. In the focus of bacteriological damage, one of the priority measures is to conduct emergency preventive treatment of the population. Such treatment is organized by medical personnel attached to the facility, district medical workers, as well as personnel of medical units. Each sanitary team is assigned a part of the street, quarter, house or workshop, which is managed by sanitary troopers 2-3 times a day, medical preparations are issued to the population, workers and employees. For prevention, broad-spectrum antibiotics and other drugs that provide a preventive and therapeutic effect are used. The population with AI-2 first-aid kits carries out prophylaxis on their own, using drugs from the first-aid kit. As soon as the type of pathogen is determined, specific emergency prophylaxis is carried out, which consists in the use of antibiotics, serums, etc., specific for this disease. The emergence and spread of epidemics largely depend on how strictly emergency preventive treatment is carried out. In no case should you shy away from taking medicines that prevent diseases. It must be remembered that the timely use of antibiotics, serums and other drugs will not only reduce the number of victims, but will also help to quickly eliminate foci of infectious diseases. Disinfection, disinfestation and deratization are organized in the quarantine and observation zones from the very beginning. Disinfection aims to disinfect objects of the external environment that are necessary for normal activities and the safe presence of people. Disinsection and deratization are activities associated with the extermination of insects and the extermination of rodents, which are known to be carriers of infectious diseases, respectively. For the destruction of insects, physical (boiling, ironing with a heated iron, etc.), chemical (use of pesticides) and combined methods are used. The extermination of rodents in most cases is carried out using mechanical devices (traps of various types) and chemicals. Among the disinfectants, the most widely used drugs are DDT, hexachloran, chlorophos; among the drugs intended for the extermination of rodents are ratsid, zinc phosphide, potassium sulfate. After disinfection, disinfestation and deratization, a complete sanitization of persons who took part in the implementation of these activities is carried out. If necessary, sanitary treatment of the rest of the population is organized. Simultaneously with the considered measures in the quarantine (observation) zone, sick people and even those who are suspicious of the disease are identified. Signs of the disease are fever, feeling unwell, headaches, rashes, etc. Sanitary officers and medical workers find out these data through responsible tenants of apartments and owners of houses and immediately report to the commander of the formation or to a medical institution for taking measures to isolate and treat patients. After the patient is sent to a special infectious diseases hospital, the apartment where he lived is disinfected; things and clothes of the patient are also disinfected. All those who have been in contact with the patient are sanitized and isolated (at home or in special rooms). If it is not possible to hospitalize an infectious patient, he is isolated at home, one of the family members takes care of him. The patient should use separate utensils, towels, soap, bedpan and urinal. In the morning and in the evening at the same time, his temperature is measured, the thermometer readings are recorded on a special temperature sheet indicating the date and time of measurement. Before each meal, the patient is helped to wash his hands and rinse his mouth and throat, and in the morning and before bedtime - to wash and brush his teeth. Seriously ill people need to wipe their faces with a damp towel or napkin, wipe their eyes and mouth with swabs moistened with a 1-2% solution of boric acid or baking soda. Towels and napkins used to treat the patient are disinfected, paper napkins and tampons are burned. To avoid bedsores, it is necessary to correct the patient's bed and help him change position, and if necessary, apply lining circles. At least 2 times a day, the room in which the patient is located should be ventilated and wet cleaned using disinfectant solutions. The patient caregiver should use a cotton-gauze bandage, gown or appropriate clothing, gloves, emergency and specific prophylaxis, he should carefully monitor the cleanliness of hands (nails should be cut short) and clothing. After each contact with secretions, linen, dishes and other objects of the patient, it is necessary to wash hands and disinfect them with a 3% solution of Lysol or a 1% solution of chloramine. You should also have a towel with you, one end of which should be wetted with a disinfectant solution.Authors: Ivanyukov M.I., Alekseev V.S.
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