Topic 8. TRANSPORT AND FORWARDING CONTRACTS

8.1. Transport contracts

Contract for organizing cargo transportation. According to Art. 798 of the Civil Code, the carrier and the cargo owner, if it is necessary to carry out systematic transportation of goods, can enter into long-term agreements on the organization of transportation. Under this agreement, the carrier undertakes to accept within the established time frame, and the cargo owner - to present for transportation cargo in the specified volume. The specified agreement determines the volumes, terms for the provision of vehicles and presentation of goods for transportation, the procedure for payments, as well as other conditions for organizing transportation (paragraph 2 of Article 798 of the Civil Code).

Contracts on the organization of transportation are concluded, as a rule, in the presence of stable economic ties between a given mode of transport and a given cargo owner. Contracts of this type are of a continuing nature, they are concluded for the coming quarter, the coming year. By their legal nature, these contracts have signs of a preliminary contract (Article 429 of the Civil Code), since the conclusion of an agreement on the organization of transportation does not release, but, on the contrary, implies the need to conclude a contract for the carriage of goods in each specific case. Contracts on the organization of transportation of goods are consensual civil law contracts that determine not the terms of the trade turnover of the parties, but the organization of their relationship for the future.

According to Art. 791 of the Civil Code, the carrier is obliged to provide the consignor with vehicles for loading within the time period established by the contract on the organization of transportation. Accordingly, failure to fulfill this obligation entails property liability under Art. 794 GK.

The carrier for non-delivery of vehicles for the carriage of cargo, and the sender for failure to present cargo or non-use of submitted vehicles for other reasons, bear responsibility established by transport charters and codes, as well as by agreement of the parties (paragraph 1 of article 794 of the Civil Code). As for the agreements between the carrier and the cargo owner on the limitation or elimination of the carrier's statutory liability, they are unacceptable and, if concluded, are invalid (paragraph 2 of article 793 of the Civil Code).

Legislation (Article 794 of the Civil Code) defines certain circumstances that relieve the carrier and consignor of cargo from liability for failure to fulfill obligations to provide vehicles or failure to present cargo for transportation. These include:

▪ force majeure;

▪ other natural phenomena (fires, drifts, floods);

▪ military actions;

▪ cessation or restriction of cargo transportation in certain directions due to a blockade, epidemic or other circumstances impeding the transportation of goods.

Outside the circumstances specified in the law, the liability of the carrier and the consignor is possible, regardless of their fault.

Contract of carriage of goods. In accordance with paragraph 1 of Art. 785 of the Civil Code, under a contract for the carriage of goods, the carrier undertakes to deliver the cargo entrusted to him by the sender to the destination and hand it over to the person authorized to receive the goods (recipient), and the sender undertakes to pay the established fee for the carriage of goods.

The law establishes the written form of this agreement. This is evidenced by the norm of paragraph 2 of Art. 785 of the Civil Code, according to which the conclusion of a contract for the carriage of goods is confirmed by the preparation and issuance to the sender of the goods of a waybill, bill of lading or other document for the goods provided for by the relevant transport charter or code, for example, Art. 25 UZhT, art. 105 VK. The issuance by the carrier of a document confirming the acceptance of the goods for transportation implies the delivery of the goods to him by the sender, therefore such an agreement belongs to the number of real civil law contracts.

The contract for the carriage of goods is a fixed-term contract, since its validity period is determined by the period of fulfillment of the obligation to transport (Article 792 of the Civil Code, Article 33 of the UZhT, Article 109 of the VC). This period can be established both in a regulatory manner and by agreement of the parties.

The contract for the carriage of goods is a contract for compensation. The carriage charge for the carriage of goods by public transport is determined on the basis of tariffs approved in the manner prescribed by transport charters and codes. Since when transporting goods by public transport, a commercial organization acts as a carrier and it is obliged to transport the goods of any consignor who applies to it, the contract for the carriage of goods refers to public contracts. When concluding this agreement, the consignor fills out a shipping document of the established form (waybill) and signs it, which gives the agreement the features of an accession agreement.

The parties in the contract for the carriage of goods are the carrier - a transport organization (railway, shipping company, air transport operator) and the consignor - the legal (titular) owner of the goods or a forwarder or other person authorized by the owner of the goods. Since by virtue of this agreement each of the parties has both rights and obligations, it should be recognized as a bilateral agreement.

The contract for the carriage of goods by its design is a contract in favor of a third party (Article 430 of the Civil Code), in connection with which the consignee, who is not a party to the contract, enjoys certain rights and bears certain obligations.

Not participating in the conclusion of the contract, the consignee nevertheless acquires the right to demand the carrier to release the goods at the point of destination (Article 36 of the UZHT, clause 2 of Article 103 of the VC). If the carrier fails to fulfill the obligation to deliver the goods to the address of the recipient, the latter has the right to make claims against him regarding the loss of the goods, and in case of improper fulfillment of the obligation by him - claims regarding the shortage or damage to the goods (Article 796 of the Civil Code), as well as about the delay in its delivery (Art. 792 of the Civil Code, Art. 120 of the UZhT, Art. 120 of the VC). The consignee has the right to present to the carrier and other requirements related, for example, to the unloading of cargo by means of the carrier, when unloading under the contract was entrusted to him.

In addition to rights, the consignee also has obligations. So, upon arrival of the cargo at the destination, the recipient is obliged to accept it and take it out of the territory of the station, airport, pier. It is also the responsibility of the recipient to make the final payment for the services rendered by the carrier.

One of the essential terms of the contract for the carriage of goods is considered to be the time of delivery of the goods. According to Art. 792 of the Civil Code, the carrier is obliged to deliver the goods to the destination within the time limits specified in the manner prescribed by the transport charters and codes, and in the absence of such terms - within a reasonable time.

Contract for the carriage of passengers and baggage. Under the contract for the carriage of a passenger, the carrier undertakes to transport the passenger to the destination, and if the passenger checks in the luggage, also deliver the luggage to the destination and hand it over to the person authorized to receive the luggage. The passenger undertakes to pay the established fare, and when checking in luggage, also for the carriage of luggage (Article 786 of the Civil Code, Article 82 of the UZhT, Article 103 of the VK).

The inclusion in a single concept of the contract of carriage of both the passenger and his baggage does not mean the legal unity of these two contracts. These contracts cannot be recognized as one contract, since their signs are different: the contract for the carriage of a passenger is consensual, and the contract for the carriage of luggage is real. The difference between these contracts also lies in the fact that the conclusion of contracts for the carriage of passengers is certified by travel documents (tickets), and the delivery of luggage by passengers - by baggage receipts.

The rights and obligations of the parties under the contract for the carriage of a passenger are regulated in sufficient detail by law. So, according to paragraph 3 of Art. 786 of the Civil Code, the passenger has the right, in the manner prescribed by the relevant transport charter or code:

▪ carry children with you free of charge or on other preferential terms;

▪ Carry free hand luggage within the established limits.

The law also provides for the right of a passenger to hand over baggage for transportation for a fee at a rate (clause 3 of article 786 of the Civil Code), which means that the carrier is obligated to conclude with the passenger, at the request of the last contract for the carriage of baggage.

Liability under a passenger carriage agreement is determined by the Civil Code and the relevant transport charters and codes, which also regulate the liability of the parties under a baggage carriage agreement.

According to paragraph 1 of Art. 795 of the Civil Code for a delay in the departure of a vehicle carrying a passenger, or a delay in the arrival of such a vehicle at its destination (with the exception of transportation in urban and suburban traffic), the carrier shall pay the passenger a fine in the amount established by the relevant transport charter or code.

If the passenger refuses to be transported due to a delay in the departure of the vehicle, the carrier is obliged to return the carriage fee to the passenger (paragraph 2 of article 795 of the Civil Code).

Legislation (clause 1, article 795 of the Civil Code) establishes the circumstances that serve as the basis for exemption from liability for delay in the delivery of a passenger to their destination. These circumstances include:

▪ force majeure;

▪ elimination of a vehicle malfunction that threatens the life and health of passengers;

▪ other circumstances beyond the control of the carrier.

It is the responsibility of the carrier to prove the existence of these circumstances.

The service recipients in the contract for the carriage of passengers are only citizens, which makes it possible to apply the norms of the Law on the Protection of Consumer Rights in case of violation of the contract by the carrier.

A special place among transport contracts is occupied by contracts for the carriage of goods by certain modes of transport.

Agreement for the carriage of goods by rail. The content of this agreement constitutes a set of rights and obligations of the carrier and shipper. These rights and obligations are largely determined by transport legislation: UZhT, Rules governing certain types of cargo transportation by rail, as well as the contract of carriage itself.

Under a railway transportation agreement, goods can be transported both locally and in direct traffic. Transportation in local traffic is carried out within the limits of one railway, and in direct traffic - with the participation of two or more railways that are part of the unified network of railways of the Russian Federation and are open to public use. A railway that has entered into a contract of carriage in direct traffic acts as the legal representative of all other railways involved in such traffic.

Transportation of goods by rail is carried out in wagons and containers of carriers, other legal entities and individuals (Article 5 UZhT).

The railway is obliged to submit for loading serviceable wagons and containers in a condition suitable for the carriage of the corresponding cargo. If this requirement is not met, the consignor has the right to refuse the submitted wagons or containers. In this case, the railway is obliged to replace the specified wagons, containers with wagons, containers that are suitable for the carriage of such goods (Article 20 of the UZHT).

The suitability of wagons for the carriage of a given cargo in commercial terms is determined by the consignor or the railway, depending on whose means the loading is carried out.

When presenting the cargo for transportation, the consignor is obliged to present for each shipment of the cargo a railway bill of lading drawn up by him. This waybill and the receipt issued on its basis to the consignor confirming the conclusion of the contract for the carriage of goods (Article 25 of the UZhT).

Some obligations of the railway, due to the performance of the contract for the carriage of goods, arise both in the process of the carriage itself and at its final stage. So, the railway, at the request of the consignor or consignee, is obliged to redirect the transported cargo with a change in the consignee or destination station.

It is also the duty of the railway to notify the consignee of the goods that have arrived at his address no later than at 12 noon on the day following the day of the arrival of the goods. The consignee may refuse to accept the goods if the quality of the goods has changed to such an extent due to damage, spoilage or for other reasons that the possibility of partial or complete use of such goods for their intended purpose is excluded (Articles 34, 36 of the UZHT). The duty of the consignee is the final settlement with the carrier for the transport services rendered to him.

Contract for air carriage of cargo. The peculiarity of the subject composition of this type of agreement is that the operator acts as a carrier in it, i.e. a citizen or legal entity who owns an aircraft by right of ownership, on a lease or on another legal basis, uses the specified aircraft for flights and has an operator’s certificate (clause 3 of Article 61 of the VK). At the same time, according to Art. 100 VK the operator must have a license to carry out air transportation of goods.

A distinctive feature of the contract for the carriage of goods by air is the fact that the parties to this contract are given the right to decide for themselves the issue of the timing of delivery of the goods. If an agreement on this issue is not reached, the delivery time is established by the rules of transportation (Article 109 of the VC).

The content of the contract for the carriage of goods by air reveals its definition given in paragraph 2 of Art. 103 VK, which corresponds to the classical definition of a contract for the carriage of goods contained in paragraph 1 of Art. 785 GK. The basic rights and obligations of the carrier and the consignor are approximately similar to the rights and obligations of the parties to the contract of carriage on other modes of transport.

At the same time, air legislation, taking into account the specifics of transportation by this mode of transport, establishes an expanded range of grounds for terminating the contract for the carriage of goods unilaterally at the initiative of the carrier. These grounds are:

▪ violation by the cargo owner, shipper of customs, sanitary and other rules established by law;

▪ refusal of the cargo owner or shipper to comply with the requirements imposed on them by aviation regulations;

▪ the presence of items and substances prohibited for air transportation in the cargo.

The consignee has the right to refuse to receive damaged or spoiled cargo if it is established that the quality of the cargo has changed so much that it excludes the possibility of its full and (or) partial use in accordance with its original purpose (Article 111 VC).

Aircraft charter agreement (air charter). In air transport, along with the usual contract for the carriage of goods, an aircraft charter agreement (air charter) is quite widely used. The general possibility of concluding such agreements regardless of specific types of transport is provided for in Art. 787 Civil Code. The peculiarity of a charter agreement is that it provides for transportation all or part of the capacity of one or more vehicles for one or more flights.

Under an aircraft charter agreement (air charter), one party (the charterer) undertakes to provide the other party (the charterer) for a fee to perform one or more flights one or more aircraft or part of the aircraft for air transportation of goods (Article 104 of the VC).

An air charter agreement is, as a rule, a consensual agreement, since the parties usually conclude an agreement on upcoming transportation in advance, in connection with which an air charter agreement acquires some features of an agreement on the organization of cargo transportation (Article 798 of the Civil Code). Air charter is a paid contract.

Contract of carriage of goods by sea. According to paragraph 1 of Art. 115 KTM, under a contract for the carriage of cargo by sea, the carrier undertakes to deliver the cargo that the sender has transferred or will transfer to him, to the port of destination and hand it over to the person authorized to receive the cargo, and the sender or charterer undertakes to pay the established fee (freight) for the carriage of cargo.

This definition allows us to draw two conclusions regarding this contract. First, it can be both real and consensual, as evidenced by the use of the words "transmitted" or "transfer". Secondly, the words "shipper" or "charterer" mean that the concept of a contract for the carriage of goods by sea covers two types of contracts: an ordinary contract of carriage and a charter, which differ in their legal nature.

The contract for the carriage of goods by sea shall be concluded in writing. The presence and content of the specified agreement can be confirmed by a charter (in this case, the relevant document is meant), a bill of lading or other written evidence (Article 117 of the KTM).

The charter must contain the name of the parties, the name of the vessel, the type and type of cargo, the amount of freight, the name of the place of loading of the vessel, as well as the destination or direction of the vessel. By agreement of the parties, other conditions and reservations may be included in the charter. The charter is signed by the carrier and the charterer or their representatives (Art. 120 KTM).

The bill of lading performs the following functions:

▪ evidence of the existence of a contract for the carriage of goods by sea and its contents;

▪ a receipt certifying acceptance of the cargo by the carrier;

▪ document of title for the cargo, i.e. a document, the disposal of which means the disposal of the cargo itself;

▪ a document upon presentation of which the cargo is issued to the recipient.

The relations of the parties under the contract of carriage of goods by sea are regulated not only by certain norms of legislation or by agreement of the parties, but also by trade customs and habits.

The development of customary law in relation to the carriage of goods by sea led to the emergence of the so-called formulary law. The latter is an informal codification of generally accepted trade usages used in the conclusion of contracts of carriage by sea. The rules corresponding to these customs are fixed in the form of standard designations such as FOB, FAS, CIF, CAF. These designations come from a combination of the initial letters of English words that are used in such cases.

Contract for the carriage of goods by inland waterways. This type of contract is characterized by the same general features that are inherent in the contract of carriage on other modes of transport. The contents of the agreement, the rights and obligations of the parties are regulated by the KVVT. The conclusion of this agreement is confirmed by the waybill and the road manifest issued on its basis and the receipt of acceptance of cargo for transportation (clause 2 of article 67 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

The waybill accompanies the cargo along the entire route, and the carrier is obliged to issue it together with the cargo to the recipient at the port (on the berth) of destination. The road list follows along with the cargo and, after the delivery of the cargo at the destination, remains with the carrier.

According to paragraph 4 of Art. 67 KVVT, a contract for the carriage of goods by inland waterways may be concluded with the condition that the entire ship or part of it is provided for the carriage of goods (chartering contract).

Agreement for the carriage of goods by road. Having the general features of a contract of carriage, enshrined in the Civil Code, UAT, and the Rules for the Transportation of Goods by Road, this type of contract is distinguished by a number of characteristic features. Firstly, in road transport, unlike other types of transport, it is not the shipper who delivers the cargo to the loading point, but the motor transport enterprise itself transfers its vehicles to the shipper for loading. This means that the transport process begins not from the moment the cargo is accepted for transportation, but at an earlier stage and not at the transport enterprise, but at the territory of the shipper. Secondly, when transporting cargo with payment for the work of the vehicle at a time rate, the motor transport enterprise issues a waybill in which the consignor (consignee) records the mileage and time the vehicle is in its possession.

Liability for violation of transport obligations. For the onset of property liability of the carrier, consignor and consignee for non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of contractual obligations, the existence of general grounds provided for by civil law is required, in particular Art. 401 Civil Code. Since the carrier is responsible for the failure to preserve the cargo unless he proves that its loss, shortage or damage (spoilage) occurred as a result of circumstances that he could not prevent and the elimination of which did not depend on him (clause 1 of Article 796 of the Civil Code), one of The basis for the carrier's liability is his fault. In approximately the same way, the provision on the carrier’s culpable liability is enshrined in new transport charters and codes (Article 95 UZhT, Article 118 VK, Article 166 KTM, Article 117 KB VT). This provision is also reflected in Art. 132 UAT.

The reduced norm of Art. 796 of the Civil Code imposes on the carrier the burden of proving his innocence. It should be noted that this article does not provide any grounds for exempting the carrier from proving the absence of his guilt.

The rules on faulty liability for contractual transport obligations also apply to the carrier's clientele.

In accordance with paragraph 1 of Art. 796 of the Civil Code, the carrier is responsible for the loss, shortage, damage and damage to the cargo for the entire period of its being in the possession of the carrier, i.e. from the moment the cargo is accepted for transportation and until the delivery of the cargo to the consignee or a person authorized by him to receive the cargo.

The Civil Code establishes the limits of the carrier’s liability for non-safety of cargo, which are uniform for all modes of transport, while maintaining the rules on limited liability: damage caused during the transportation of cargo is reimbursed by the carrier only in the amount of the value of the lost or missing cargo or in the amount by which the value of the cargo has decreased from - for damage or deterioration that occurred during transportation due to reasons depending on the carrier. If it is impossible to restore the damaged cargo, its cost is reimbursed, the latter is determined based on its price indicated in the seller's invoice or provided for by the contract. In the absence of an invoice or indication of a price in the contract, the price normally charged under comparable circumstances for similar goods should be taken into account.

Along with compensation for the established damage caused by failure to ensure the safety of the cargo, the carrier returns to the sender (recipient) the carriage fee charged for the carriage of the lost, missing, spoiled or damaged cargo, if this fee is not included in the cost of the latter (clauses 2, 3 of article 796 of the Civil Code , article 96UZhT).

In transport relations, the practice of declaring the value of cargo handed over for transportation has become widely used.

Liability for delay arises in cases of culpable non-compliance with the transport time established by law or by agreement of the parties, i.e. the time during which the carrier performs a set of all necessary operations at the point of departure of the cargo, along its route and at the point of delivery of the cargo to the recipient.

Liability for late delivery of goods is also limited (penalty, penalties).

A feature of the carriage of goods by sea is the possibility of various kinds of losses, which, in the legislation on transportation carried out by this type of transport, are commonly referred to as general and private accidents.

General average includes losses incurred as a result of intentionally and reasonably made extraordinary expenses or donations in order to save the ship, the freight and the cargo carried on the ship from a common danger for them (Article 284 of the CTM). The presence of signs of general average is established at the request of the person concerned by the average adjuster, who is attached to the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation and is appointed by the Presidium of the Chamber from among persons who are well aware of the theory and practice of maritime navigation, legislation and customs of maritime law. An adjuster is an expert making average adjustments. Dispache (fr. dispache) - calculation of losses in case of general average, falling on the cargo, ship and freight and distributed between the cargo owner and the ship owner.

Losses recorded as general average are subject to distribution between the ship, freight and cargo in proportion to their value. An example of general average is the jettisoning of cargo to lighten the ship and thereby save it, as well as save the cargo remaining on the ship. In this case, donations are made in the general interest.

Losses on the ship, cargo and freight that do not fall under general average are recognized as a private average. These losses are not subject to distribution between the ship, cargo and freight. They are borne by the victim or the person responsible for their infliction.

In addition to the liability of the carrier, transport legislation determines the liability of the consignor and consignee, and this liability is increased. The grounds for the onset of such liability are considered to be violations of the rules applicable to each type of transport for the delivery of cargo for transportation, its packaging, execution of transportation documents, receipt of cargo at the destination, etc. The property sanctions applied to the consignor and consignee for damage or loss of wagons or containers provided by the railway are also recognized as increased.

In road transport, the responsibility of the consignor and consignee occurs for the delay through their fault of cars submitted for loading or unloading beyond the established time limits (Article 141 of the UAT), as well as in other cases provided for in Art. 142 - 160 UAT. At the same time, as in railway transport, both a fine and losses are collected.

A more differentiated responsibility of the consignor and consignee is currently established for inland water transport (Art. 120 KVVT).

The procedure and terms for filing and considering claims, as well as the rules for determining the beginning of the limitation period for obligations arising from the carriage of goods, are established by general civil and special transport legislation (Article 797 of the Civil Code, Articles 120,122-126 of the UZHT, Articles 124-128 of the VC , articles 403-408 KTM, articles 161-164 KVVT, articles 158, 159 UAT).

Firstly, it provides for the obligation to file a claim against the carrier before filing a claim against him arising from the carriage of goods. The carrier is obliged to consider the received claim and notify the applicant in writing of the results of its consideration within 30 days from the date of receipt of the claim (clause 2 of article 797 of the Civil Code, article 124 of the UZhT, article 128 of the VC).

Secondly, a claim against the carrier can be brought by both the consignor and the consignee under one of two conditions:

▪ if there was a complete or partial refusal of the carrier to satisfy the stated claim;

▪ if the carrier does not respond to the claim within 30 days.

The limitation period for claims arising from the carriage of goods is set at one year from the moment determined in accordance with transport charters and codes (clause 3 of article 797 of the Civil Code).

The procedure and terms for filing claims and lawsuits for obligations arising from the carriage of passengers and baggage are also established by transport charters and codes.

8.2. Freight Forwarding Agreement

In accordance with paragraph 1 of Art. 801 of the Civil Code, under a freight forwarding agreement, one party (the forwarder) undertakes, for a fee and at the expense of the other party (the client-shipper or consignee), to perform or organize the performance of services specified in the contract related to the transportation of cargo.

The forwarding contract is a public contract, since we are talking about forwarding services provided by professional commercial forwarding offices, agencies, other business structures, which, by the nature of their activities, are obliged to comply with the requirements of Art. 426 GK.

Freight forwarding contract - a type of contract, the purpose of which is to facilitate the implementation of the main transport contract - the contract for the carriage of goods. This agreement is aimed at providing additional services to the clientele of transport.

The contract of transport expedition can be both consensual and real. In cases where the freight forwarder provides the client with only services of an organizational nature, the forwarding contract is consensual. When the freight forwarder is granted the right to conclude a contract of carriage on his own behalf and independently hand over the goods for transportation, the forwarding contract is real. As can be seen from the content of Art. 801 of the Civil Code, the contract of transport expedition refers to reimbursable and bilateral contracts.

The parties in the contract of transport expedition are the forwarder and the client. The functions of a forwarder are performed by a specialized forwarding office, agency, other commercial organization providing such services. At present, the provision of forwarding services directly by carriers has become widespread, which does not contradict the law (paragraph 2 of article 801 of the Civil Code). Any subject of civil law can be a client, since the law does not provide for any restrictions in this regard.

The subject of the transport forwarding agreement is the provision of forwarding services, which are divided into legal services and actual services.

The following legal services can be provided under a transport expedition agreement:

▪ concluding on behalf of the client or on one’s own behalf an agreement (agreements) for the carriage of goods;

▪ obtaining documents required for export or import;

▪ fulfillment of customs and other formalities;

▪ payment of duties, fees and other expenses imposed on the client;

▪ receipt of cargo at the destination, etc.

Forwarders also provide the following actual services:

▪ ensuring the dispatch and receipt of cargo;

▪ checking the quantity and condition of cargo intended for transportation;

▪ carrying out loading and unloading operations;

▪ cargo storage;

▪ informing the consignee about cargo arriving at his address, etc.

If it does not follow from the contract that the freight forwarder must perform his duties personally, he is entitled, in accordance with Art. 805 of the Civil Code to involve other persons in their execution.

The main right of the freight forwarder is the right to receive remuneration for the services rendered by him. The obligations of the forwarder are determined in the contract in accordance with Art. 801 GK.

Among the rights of the client that arise before the start of transportation are the choice of the mode of transport on which the goods will be transported, and the determination of the route of transportation.

The client's obligations are to provide the forwarder with documents and other information about the properties of the cargo, the conditions of its transportation, as well as other information necessary for the forwarder to fulfill his obligations, and to pay the remuneration provided for by the contract for the forwarding services rendered. The contract may establish other obligations of the client.

A feature of the transport expedition contract as a type of service contract is that each party has the right to refuse to perform the contract by notifying the other party within a reasonable time. In case of unilateral refusal to perform the contract, the party that declared the refusal shall compensate the other party for the losses caused by the termination of the contract.

More specifically, relations arising from a freight forwarding agreement are currently regulated by the Federal Law of June 30.06.2003, 87 No. XNUMX-FZ "On Freight Forwarding Activities".

Author: Ivakin V.N.

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