Internal illnesses. Allergies (most important)

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Internal illnesses. Allergies (most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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53. ALLERGY

Allergy - the appearance of increased sensitivity of the body to the allergen in response to repeated contact with it.

Allergens are antigens that cause allergic reactions. Almost all high- and low-molecular compounds of organic and inorganic nature (antigens and haptens) can acquire the properties of allergens under certain conditions.

Allergens are divided into:

1) household;

2) fungal;

3) animal origin;

4) medicinal;

5) food;

6) microbial;

7) vegetable;

8) simple chemicals.

The initial penetration of the allergen into the body usually does not manifest itself in any way. a period of sensitization begins, during which the immune system prepares a response to repeated penetration of the allergen and produces antibodies.

The intensity of an allergic reaction depends on the nature of the allergen, the exposure dose, the way the antigen enters, the genotype of the individual, and the state of the immune system.

Manifestations of allergenicity depend on environmental factors - air temperature, humidity, wind speed.

The rate of development of allergic reactions. Early allergic reactions (urticaria and anaphylactic shock) develop within 30 minutes after repeated administration of the drug.

Delayed allergic reactions (urticaria, itching, bronzospasm, laryngeal edema) develop 2-72 hours after repeated use of the drug.

Late allergic reactions develop no earlier than 72 hours after repeated administration of the drug.

Allergic status is associated with a system of histocompatibility antigens:

1) hay fever with HLA-A1, B8;

2) atopic dermatitis with HLA-Bw35;

3) combinations of atopic dermatitis with rhinitis with HLA-Bw40;

4) combinations of atopic dermatitis with bronchial asthma with HLA-B12;

5) atopic eczema with HLA-A1 and HLA-B8 (simultaneously);

6) exogenous allergic alveolitis with HLA-Bw40;

7) genetically determined hyperproduction of IgE with HLA-Dw2. This form is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner and manifests itself during the 1st year of life.

Patterns of the immune response to allergen exposure

There are 3 stages of the immune response:

Stage I - immunological: providing T-lymphocytes with an allergen by macrophages in combination with MHC proteins of class I or II, differentiation of CD4T helpers; increase in antibody titer, interaction of the allergen with antibodies;

Stage II - pathochemical: the release of allergy mediators by various cellular elements - histamine, serotonin, kinins, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, chemotaxis factor, activated complement fractions;

Stage III - pathophysiological: the development of clinical manifestations of allergic reactions.

Author: Myshkina A.K.

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