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HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, OBJECTS AROUND US
Rotary engine. History of invention and production
Directory / The history of technology, technology, objects around us A rotary internal combustion engine (ICE) is a heat engine in which the main movable working element of the engine, the rotor, performs rotational motion. The motors must output rotational motion of the main shaft. And this is precisely what rotary internal combustion engines compare favorably with the most common piston internal combustion engines today, in which the main moving working element, the piston, performs reciprocating movements. In rotary motors, where the main working element rotates anyway, no additional mechanisms are required to obtain rotational motion. But in piston engines, it is necessary to use bulky and complex crank mechanisms to convert the reciprocating movement of the piston into the rotational movement of the crankshaft.
The world's first mass-produced car with a rotary piston engine (RPD) left the gates of the West German company NSU in 1964. But even three years before this event, the Ministry of Automotive Industry and the USSR Ministry of Defense set the task of creating a domestic RPD for industry research institutes. And not only delivered, but also helped with detailed drawings. To be completely accurate, it was not the ministries that supplied the documentation, but the GRU. Since patents were not bought from Wankel himself, it was not accepted. The first working rotary engine was presented in 1957 at a conference of the Society of German Engineers (VDI) by Felix Wankel and Walter Freude. Wankel tried a lot of jobs in his life, from an apprentice typesetter in a non-fiction publishing house to a junior salesman, but he never got around to graduating. In the end, he settled on the invention of mechanical devices. The manufacture of rotary pumps and compressors was interspersed with prison terms: first for criticizing the financial abuses of the Nazi regional elite, and then for collaborating with the same Nazis (during the Second World War, Wankel successfully solved the issues of seals for German torpedoes and aircraft engines). Having been released in 1946, the inventor restored his laboratory in Lindau, on the shores of Lake Constance (it was destroyed in 1945 by French troops), and resumed work on the engine. Five years later, Wankel managed to interest the German company NSU in his project. Every year, his engines worked longer and longer: if in 1957 one of the prototypes worked for 2 hours and developed a power of 21 liters. s., then in a year - 100 hours at a power of 29 liters. With. Apparently, these parameters were enough to start "Wankelemania" in the world - the licenses for the engine are acquired first by the Curtiss-Wright Corporation, a year later by Daimler-Benz, MAN, Friedrich Krupp and Mazda. By the beginning of the 70s, almost all engine-building and automobile giants of the world bought licenses, including Rolls-Royce, Porsche, Ford, GM and many Japanese companies. The obvious advantages of the RPD over traditional piston engines (it has several times fewer moving parts, its weight and dimensions are 1,5–2 times smaller, the vibration level is very low and the dynamic characteristics are excellent) seemed to make this engine a bestseller. After the NSU Spyder released in 1964, the legendary NSU Ro 80 model followed (there are still many clubs of owners of these cars in the world), Citroen M35 (1970), Mercedes C-111 (1969), Corvette XP (1973). But the only mass manufacturer of rotary cars was the Japanese Mazda, which has produced 1967 new models with RPD since 23. Rotary engines were put on boats, snowmobiles and light aircraft. The end of euphoria came in 1973, at the height of the oil crisis. It was then that the main drawback of rotary engines appeared - inefficiency. With the exception of Mazda, all automakers ended rotary programs, and the Japanese company's sales in America declined from 104 cars sold in 960 to 1973 in 61. But it was in the disastrous year of 1974 that the Soviet government created a special design bureau RPD (SKB RPD) at the Volga Automobile Plant - the socialist economy is unpredictable. In Tolyatti, work began on the construction of workshops for the mass production of "wankels". Since the VAZ was originally planned as a simple copier of Western technologies (in particular, Fiat ones), the factory specialists decided to reproduce the Mazda engine, completely discarding all the ten-year developments of domestic engine-building institutes. Soviet officials negotiated with Felix Wankel for quite some time regarding the purchase of licenses, some of which took place right in Moscow. True, no money was found, and therefore it was not possible to use some proprietary technologies. In 1976, the first Volga single-section VAZ-311 engine with a capacity of 65 hp was put into operation. s., it took another five years to fine-tune the design, after which an experimental batch of 50 pieces of rotary "ones" VAZ-21018 was produced, which instantly dispersed among the workers of the VAZ. It immediately became clear that the engine only outwardly resembled a Japanese one - it began to crumble in a very Soviet way. The management of the plant was forced to replace all engines with serial piston engines in six months, cut the staff of SKB RPD by half and suspend the construction of workshops. The salvation of the domestic rotary engine building came from the special services: they were not very interested in fuel consumption and engine life, but they were very interested in dynamic characteristics. Immediately, a two-section RPD with a capacity of 311 hp was made from two VAZ-120 engines. with., which began to be installed on the "special unit" - VAZ-21019. It is this model, which received the unofficial name "Arkan", that we owe countless tales about police "Zaporozhets" catching up with fancy "Mercedes", and many law enforcement officers - orders and medals. Until the 90s, the outwardly unpretentious Arkan really easily overtook all cars. Revived on special orders, SKB RPD began to make engines for water sports and motorsport, where cars with rotary engines began to win prizes so often that sports officials were forced to ban the use of RPD. Having no completed technical education, at the end of his life, Felix Wankel achieved world recognition in the field of engine building and sealing technology, having won a lot of awards and titles. The streets and squares of German cities (Felix-Wankel-Strasse, Felix-Wankel-Ring) are named after him. In addition to engines, Wankel developed a new concept for high-speed craft and built several boats himself. The most interesting thing is that the rotary engine, which made him a millionaire and brought him worldwide fame, Wankel did not like, considering him an "ugly duckling". Real working RPDs were made according to the so-called "KKM concept", which provides for planetary rotation of the rotor and requires the introduction of external counterweights. A significant role was played by the fact that this scheme was proposed not by Wankel, but by NSU engineer Walter Freude. Until recently, Wankel himself considered the ideal engine layout "with rotating pistons without unevenly rotating parts" (Drehkolbenmasine - DKM), conceptually much more beautiful, but technically complex, requiring, in particular, the installation of spark plugs on a rotating rotor. Nevertheless, rotary engines all over the world are associated precisely with the name of Wankel, since everyone who knew the inventor closely unanimously asserts that without the indefatigable energy of the German engineer, the world would not have seen this amazing device. Felix Wankel passed away in 1988. The history of the Mercedes 350 SL is curious. Wankel really wanted to have a rotary Mercedes C-111. But the company Mercedes did not go to meet him. Then the inventor took the serial 350 SL, threw out the "native" engine from there and installed a rotor from the C-111, which was 8 kg lighter than the previous 60-cylinder, but developed significantly more power (320 hp at 6500 rpm) . In 1972, when the engineering genius finished work on his next miracle, he could have been driving the fastest Mercedes SL-class at that time. The irony was that Wankel never got a driver's license for the rest of his life. The heart of the RPD is a trihedral convex rotor rotating inside the cylindrical cavity of the stator. The contour of the cavity is an epitrochoid - a curve that the tops of the triangular rotor pass without separation. Like a conventional gasoline engine, a four-stroke cycle is implemented in the RPD, which is carried out three times during a full rotation of the rotor. Author: S.Apresov
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