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HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, OBJECTS AROUND US
Deep-sea manned underwater vehicle. History of invention and production
Directory / The history of technology, technology, objects around us One of the most ancient devices for lowering a person under water is a diving bell. They say that in such a device Alexander the Great descended into the water. At first, the bell looked very much like a large wooden barrel, suspended on a rope upside down and lowered in this position into the water. The air in the barrel made it possible for the diver sitting in it to breathe. Over time, the diving bell was improved, equipped with various devices that facilitate the work of a person under water. It is still used today to deliver divers to their place of work.
The disadvantage of the bell is obvious - it greatly limits the ability to move under water. But the diving suit created at the end of the 100th century allowed a person to work freely under water. Now there are two types of spacesuits - soft and hard. The first ones consist of a rubber suit and a metal helmet with a viewing window - a porthole. Breathing air is supplied from the surface through a rubber hose attached to the helmet, and the exhaust air is released through a special valve into the water. In such a suit, a person can work at a depth of up to XNUMX meters. The rigid suit consists of a steel cylinder for the torso and a system of smaller cylinders for the arms and legs, which are hinged. It allows you to dive to a depth twice as much. In the early 1940s, famous French scientists J.I. Cousteau and E. Gagnan invented scuba gear. It was he who allowed the widest range of people to join the depths of the sea: divers, archaeologists, researchers of marine flora and fauna, geologists and oceanologists. However, scuba gear cannot dive to great depths.
The bathysphere (from the Greek words "bathiz" - "deep" and "sphere" - "ball") helped to begin the development of great depths - a solid steel chamber of a spherical shape with a sealed entrance hatch and several portholes made of durable glass. It is lowered from a surface vessel on a strong steel cable. The air supply is stored in cylinders, and carbon dioxide and water vapor are absorbed by special chemicals. In 1934, the Americans W. Beebe and O. Barton descended on one of these devices called "Age of Progress" to a depth record for that time - 923 meters. But the greatest success in the study of the deep sea was achieved by the Swiss scientist Auguste Piccard. Back in 1937, he began to design his first bathyscaphe. However, the work was interrupted by the war. Therefore, the first apparatus was built by him only in 1948. It was made in the form of a metal float filled with gasoline, because gasoline is lighter than water, practically incompressible and the float shell does not deform under the influence of huge pressures. From below, a spherical gondola made of the strongest steel and ballast are suspended from the float.
In 1953, Auguste and his son Jacques descended in the bathyscaphe "Trieste" to a depth of 3160 meters. And in January 1960, J. Piccard and the American D. Walsh, in the same, only improved, bathyscaphe reached the deepest mark of the World Ocean - the bottom of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean at a depth of 10912 meters. However, there are few such superdeep depressions. The main wealth is hidden at medium depths - from several tens of meters to 2-3 kilometers. And here, instead of sedentary bathyspheres and bathyscaphes, we need maneuverable vehicles equipped with modern complexes of instruments and mechanisms. The Soviet "Mir" became such an apparatus. The deep-sea manned submersible "Mir" is designed for research at depths up to 6000 meters. It can stay underwater for up to 80 hours. The apparatus is 6,8 meters long, 3,6 meters wide and 3 meters high. The diameter of the Mir spherical body is 2,1 meters. The entrance is located at the top. Three people can work on board the Mir at the same time. The crew maintains constant communication with the vessel via a hydroacoustic channel. When the Mir is submerged, the ballast tanks are filled with water, and when it rises to the surface, the pumps turn on and pump out the water. The battery-powered propulsion motor allows you to move at speeds up to 9 kilometers per hour. Two side engines allow for complex maneuvers. "Mir" is equipped with a television video camera, a photo installation and powerful lamps. Two manipulators take samples of soil, animals and vegetation. Water samples are taken with bottles. The device is equipped with a small drilling rig, which allows you to take samples of rocky soil. For observation there are portholes. The diameter of the central one is 210 millimeters, and the side ones are 120 millimeters each. Two Mir vehicles are based on board the research vessel Akademik Mstislav Keldysh. With their help, the Komsomolets submarine, resting at the bottom of the Norwegian Sea, was examined. Mir also participated in the survey of the Kursk submarine that sank in 2000. Despite the fact that the "Mir" contributed to many scientific discoveries, it was his participation in the filming of the famous film by James Cameron "Titanic" that brought him real fame. The legendary steamer "Titanic" sank at a depth of 4000 meters. The choice of the Russian MIR submersibles for filming by IMAX was a worldwide recognition of our deep-sea technologies and ability to conduct underwater operations at great depths. Two circumstances influenced the choice of the Mir devices. There were two machines available. This gave ample opportunities for underwater filming both in terms of lighting individual objects, and in terms of interaction on the object, filming one apparatus with another against the background of the object. In addition, the Mir cameras have a large central porthole with a diameter of 210 millimeters, which is very important for the wide-angle lens of the IMAX movie camera.
In the summer of 1991, after solving the main technical problems, the research ship "Akademik Mstislav Keldysh" went to explore the "Titanic", which sank in 1912 at a depth of four thousand meters. On board the Keldysh was a group of geologists and biologists from the Institute of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, as well as a group of scientists from the Bedford Oceanographic Institute from Canada. But the main goal of the expedition was to conduct deep-sea filming on the Titanic from the Mir vehicles in accordance with the script written by the outstanding director Stephen Low. In three weeks, seventeen immersions of the Mir submersibles on the Titanic took place. Filming was carried out on the bow, on the stern of the sunken ship, as well as on a huge area around it. There were many different items that fell out of the Titanic during the flood. Low himself took part in five dives of the Mir-2 submersible as a director and operator and did most of the deep-sea filming. “The operation to film the left propeller of the Titanic was unusual,” writes Anatoly Sagalevich in the journal Knowledge is Power. “Two Mir vehicles crawled under the stern valance of the sunken ship and made completely unique shots. On the screen we see the huge propeller of the Titanic ", and on the right - the apparatus" Mir-1 ". Magnificent shootings were made by Stephen Lowe from" Mir-2 ". On the screen, the whole scene lasts thirty to forty seconds, and the filming operation took several hours: it is necessary to approach, arrange the devices in the appropriate way relative to a friend, pick up lighting, etc. And on board the ship at that time it was restless - communication with both devices, which were shielded from above by the Titanic's hull, was lost. The commanders got carried away and forgot about communication sessions. Communication was resumed when the devices "crawled out" out of control and went “to freedom.” Of course, we don’t see all this on the screen, there is only a screw and one of the devices nearby, but such a scene, as they say, is worth a lot ... ...One and a half hours of this extraordinarily exciting spectacle fly by like an instant. This film is not only about the tragedy of the Titanic. This is a film about the expedition of the Institute of Oceanology on the R / V "Akademik Mstislav Keldysh", about people who do unusual, high-risk work, about the relationship of people living on different continents, but working on the expedition as one family." Author: Musskiy S.A.
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