Primus. History of invention and production

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Primus. History of invention and production

The history of technology, technology, objects around us

Directory / The history of technology, technology, objects around us

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Primus is a wickless heating device that runs on liquid fuel (gasoline or kerosene). The word primus used in Russian comes from the name of the company Primus, which produced these heating devices.

Primus
Primus

The principle of operation is similar to the principle of operation of a blowtorch. Fuel from tank A under air pressure, created before ignition by means of an air piston pump and then maintained by heating (periodic “pumping” is also required), enters the tubular part of the burner B, where it is preheated; then they evaporate in pipe D, the fuel vapors exit through the nozzle E. Then the fuel vapors are mixed with air, and then burned in burner C. For normal fuel evaporation, it is necessary that the burner temperature be maintained at a high temperature, so warming up is required before starting work. For this purpose, some primus stoves have a special cup around the burner, in which poured fuel or several pieces of dry fuel are burned during ignition.

Primus
The scheme of the primus

Household stoves, as a rule, run on kerosene. Primuses for tourists (motorists) - as a rule, on gasoline.

In the second half of the XNUMXth century, the first workable internal combustion engines appeared, first gas, then gasoline. Industrialization proceeded rapidly, and engines began to be built into everything that only required a mechanical drive.

The first gasoline ICEs did not have an electric ignition system, instead an open flame or glow plug was used - a red-hot tube or platinum wire. Thus, for the initial start of the engine, it was necessary to heat the candle to a high temperature. For this, a blowtorch was usually used - a recent (1882) invention of the Swede Carl Ricard Nyberg.

Frans Wilhelm Lindqvist started his career as a worker in a metalworking plant in Eskilstuna, then moved to Gothenburg and from there to Stockholm, where he took a job as a mechanic at Separator (now Alfa Laval). He repeatedly had to use a blowtorch, and one day he thought: why does the torch of the lamp, releasing a lot of heat, practically do not smoke? The answer was obvious - the kerosene in the lamp heated up and evaporated, its vapors mixed with a large amount of air, and such a mixture burned almost completely, without smoke and soot. Frans and his brother Carl Anders decided to use this principle to create a portable and efficient kerosene stove.

Most kerosene stoves in those days were enlarged versions of a kerosene lamp - with a wick and an open flame. They did not provide much heat, and the incomplete combustion of liquid kerosene produced a lot of soot. To overcome these shortcomings, it was necessary to radically change the design of the stove.

Primus
Primus design: 1 - tank; 2 - bottom; 3 - pump tube; 4 - pump cover; 5 - pump rod; 6 - pump nut; 7 - leather cuffs of the pump; 8 - pump valve; 9 - body of the filling hatch; 10 - filler hatch cover; 11 - propeller; 12 - propeller tube; 13 - fitting; 14 - burner nut; 15 - tubular part of the burner; 16 - evaporation chamber; 17 - cup; 18 - thrust ring; 19 - reflector; 20 - nozzle (capsule, nipple)

In 1891, the Lindqvist brothers received a patent for a new type of stove. It was a sealed tank with kerosene (or gasoline), where a small overpressure of air was created using a pump. Under the action of this pressure, the fuel entered the vertical nozzle, but before that it passed through the heating element, where it evaporated and mixed with air. Such a stove gave a very powerful and almost smokeless flame, was extremely compact and quite safe.

With the help of Johan Svensson, the owner of the mechanical workshop, Frans in 1892 set up the production of stoves, which he called the Latin word Primus ("first"), and in 1898 the company of the same name was formed.

Lindquist stoves proved to be extremely successful, they were exported to many countries of the world in almost unchanged form until the 1980s and were manufactured by other companies under the brands Primus, Optimus, Radius and Svea - more than 50 million units were produced in total! Over time, liquid fuel stoves began to be forced into a narrow professional niche by safer and more convenient gas burners.

Author: S.Apresov

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