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HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, OBJECTS AROUND US
Rotary engine. History of invention and production
Directory / The history of technology, technology, objects around us Rotary printing machine is a device for typographic printing, which has a cylindrical shape of the working body. The rotary machine is designed for reproduction of printing products in large volumes and has a high printing speed. On a rotary press, printing can be done in various ways: letterpress, gravure, offset, etc. Rotary machines are also divided into sheet and roll: in the first case, already cut sheets of the desired format enter the machine, on which printing is performed, while in a roll machine, the sheet is cut at the exit of the machine.
One of the most remarkable events in the history of technology was the appearance in the middle of the XNUMXth century of a fast-printing rotary press, which made it possible to increase the output of printed publications by thousands of times, primarily newspapers and magazines. This invention, just like the creation of the first printing press by Gutenberg, had a huge impact on all aspects of human life. In fact, the rapid development of education and its dissemination among the broad masses of the people in the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries created an enormous need for the printed word, which led to an increase in the circulation of books and newspapers. Meanwhile, the old printing press had undergone very little change since the sixteenth century and was ill-equipped to meet the pressing need. Many printers in the 1794th century puzzled over how to increase its productivity and create a rapid press. The right path was eventually found by Friedrich Koenig, the son of a poor Prussian farmer. At the age of fifteen, he entered the printing house as an apprentice, and from that time his whole life was connected with the printing business. As early as 1806, Koenig made the first improvement by creating a model of a printing press with a continuous, with the help of gears, raising and lowering the pian (press). However, many years passed before he was able to put his invention into practice. All the owners of the German printing houses, to which Koenig turned for support, refused him. In XNUMX he moved to London, and only here his invention was noticed.
In 1807, three London printers gave Koenig money to build a printing press. In 1810, with the help of the master of mathematics Andrei Bauer, Koenig assembled a rapid printing press, which, due to various improvements in design, could produce up to 400 prints per hour. However, this was not enough. A fundamentally new scheme was needed that would completely or almost completely eliminate manual labor. In the old machine, as we remember, the printing process took place using a series of flat boards, a set was placed on a flat taler using a flat deckle, with a flat rasket, a sheet of paper was pressed against the set, smeared with paint, with a flat piano. Especially a lot of time was spent on smearing the set with paint - it constantly had to be pulled out from under the press and pushed back into place. At first, Koenig tried to speed up this operation due to the fact that the paint was applied to the set using a special paint roller. Perhaps, starting from this idea, he decided to make the press not flat, but cylindrical in the form of a drum. This was Koenig's most important discovery. In 1811, he created the first cylindrical printing press, in which a sheet of paper, being placed on a cylinder (drum), was rolled by this cylinder along a form fixed on a taler with a set that received paint from a rotating roller. Of the old flat boards in the new design, only a taler remained, on which a set was placed, tightly enclosed in a metal frame. Replacing flat surfaces with rotating cylinders made it possible to immediately increase the productivity of the machine by several times. Koenig's machine was for its time a real masterpiece of engineering, all the more surprising that it performed almost all operations automatically. When the main wheel rotated, a complex mechanism from a whole system of gears and gears came into action, moving in the right direction and at the right moments all the working parts of the machine. Its main components were a paint apparatus and a printing drum. Between them, a cart-thaler with a set moved back and forth. Having received paint from the inking machine, the thaler moved under the printing drum, which rolled a sheet of paper over it. Thus, in general terms, the printing process took place. The inking apparatus consisted of a long box of ink and several rollers that successively transferred this ink to each other. The top metal roller was in the most colorful box. During rotation, a layer of paint fell on it, which, if necessary, could be released from the box into the slot, making this slot either thicker or thinner. From a metal roller, paint was fed to a thin roller, which then descended with it onto a shaft that rotated below and moved not only around its axis, but also along it. From it, the paint descended onto a bare metal cylinder, and from there it fell onto two elastic drums, which rubbed it and distributed it evenly over the set. Such a complex structure of the inking apparatus was explained by the fact that its function in accelerating printing was very great. The ink on the set had to be supplied exactly as much as necessary to obtain a distinct impression. There could not be more of it, because in this case the sheets would begin to stain each other. The paint had to rub well and be evenly distributed over the set. The role of the print drum was to pick up a sheet of blank paper and roll it over the set. On its surface there were special grippers, which either rose or fell, depending on the position of the drum. At the time when the thaler with the printing plate was under the colorful rollers, the printing drum remained motionless and its grippers were raised. The handler, who stood on a high bench, took a sheet of paper from the stock lying on his right hand, and laid it on an oblique plane quite close to the cylinder, so that the paper could be taken by the grips. When the thaler moved back, the drum began to rotate. Then grips like fingers were superimposed on the sheet and dragged it along. A sheet of paper envelops the drum and fits tightly to it, pressed by ribbons that fall on the margins. During the movement of the cylinder, special needles (graphs) pierced the sheet in the middle, keeping it from warping. During its rotation, the drum held the sheet over the set, pressing it. After the sheet took the paint, the clamps rose, and the ribbons transferred the paper to another device - the "rocket" (receiver), which was a series of long flat fingers; these fingers, after passing the printed sheet onto them, rose and overturned it on the table, where the sheets lay on top of each other with the seal up. In the meantime, the thaler was once again moved back under the inking apparatus. So that during this reverse movement the set and the drum do not touch, one of the sides of the latter was slightly cut off. During the passage of the thaler, the drum, facing downwards, remained motionless. But when the set was placed under the inking machine, the drum returned to its original position, slightly opening the grips to receive paper. Thus proceeded the work on the first Koenig machine. After all the sheets were printed on one side, they were passed through the machine again and printed on the back. Koenig's invention interested primarily the owners of large newspapers. In 1814, Koenig assembled two cylindrical presses for the Times Printing House, which printed at a speed of 1000 prints per hour. Then he invented a machine with two cylinders, which printed simultaneously on both sides of the sheet. Orders for it began to arrive from different countries. Having grown rich, Koenig returned to Germany in 1817 and founded the first factory for the production of printing machines in Würzburg. Before his death (in 1833), he managed to establish the production of printing machines that print with two colors. Companion Koenig Bauer further improved his invention. Very soon, machines appeared in which the role of the laying worker was completely eliminated, and the paper was fed to the cylinders by a pneumatic apparatus that sucked the edge of the sheet to itself. Once the flaps on the drum had gripped the sheet, the machine would step back and automatically bring up the next sheet. Further, another important improvement was introduced in the form of a folding apparatus attached to the machine, which, when transferred to it by a rocket, folded sheets, that is, folded them to the required number of folds at the speed of printing sheets. Thus, the work of the most complex rapid printing machine consisted of the following operations: the feeder automatically fed the sheet onto the cylinder, then, after printing one side, with the help of a system of ribbons, the sheet passed to the second adjacent cylinder, pressing the printed side against it; this second cylinder passed the sheet over the same form, on the same taler, forced the text to be printed on the other side; after which the sheet entered the missiles; from there to the folding machine. The driving force of the machines was different. At the beginning of the XNUMXth century, they were rotated by workers - "swivelers"; then they began to use a steam engine, the movement from which was transmitted using an endless belt. In the middle of the 2000th century, when the volume of printed matter increased tremendously, the fastest printing presses, making 1846 impressions per hour, already seemed to be insufficiently productive. Of course, it was possible to supply the second and third machines, but such a solution to the problem turned out to be very expensive. The way out was found in the creation of a rotary machine, in which not a single flat surface remained, and even the thaler was replaced by a rotating drum. In 12000, the Englishman Augustus Applegat invented the first such machine with a large vertical cylinder. A set was installed on this cylinder with the help of partitions. Surrounding the cylinder were both paint rollers and eight smaller cylinders, onto which sheets were fed by overlays. For one revolution of the large cylinder, the set passed eight smaller cylinders with laid paper and gave out eight sheets at once. XNUMX impressions could be made per hour on this machine (but only on one side). Until 1862, The Times was printed on such a machine. Then it was replaced by a more powerful machine by the American Robert Goe, which worked approximately on the same principle. The main cylinder with the set, reinforced with bars and screws, stood horizontally, as in a conventional printing press, and around it were ten cylinders for the overlay of paper, on which the text from the set on the main cylinder was printed as it was dragged through each of the ten smaller cylinders. The main shaft of the Goe machine had a diameter of one and a half meters. Paper overlays stood five stories high on both sides of the machine. For its gigantic size, it was nicknamed the Mammoth.
In essence, Applegat's machine was already the first rotary machine (from rotation - rotation), since all its main parts took the form of cylinders rotating on an axis. But she had two significant drawbacks that slowed down her work: the set located on the cylinder was not fixed firmly enough and could crumble with very fast rotation, and the paper was fed manually in separate sheets. The first of these inconveniences was overcome after the invention of the stereotype - a set, which, unlike the previous one, was not composed of individual letters, but was entirely cast from metal. In 1856, John Walter found that if wet cardboard is pressed into the matrix letters and then dried in an oven, the resulting papier-mâché board can serve as a mold for casting stereotypes. To do this, a sheet of specially prepared wet cardboard was placed on top of the set, clamped in a steel frame, and it was beaten with stiff bristles until the type was pressed into its surface. Then the frame with cardboard was clamped into a press and pushed into a heated machine. When the cardboard dried, it was removed from the frame. At the same time, a quite accurate depressed imprint of the entire set remained on it. The matrix thus obtained was placed in a casting mold so that it formed two half-cylinders, molten metal was poured into it and two half-cylinders were obtained, on each of which a set of one frame was cast to the last detail. These semi-cylinders were attached to the shaft of a rotary machine. As for the second problem, William Bullock managed to solve it earlier than others, who in 1863 created a new type of truly rotary machine that prints not on separate sheets, but immediately on both sides of an endless paper tape. A roll of it was put on a rapidly rotating rod. From here, the paper tape entered the cylinder, which pressed it against another cylinder with a round stereotype, consisting of two semi-cylindrical ones, located on it. So, all the main components in Bullock's machine were made in the form of rapidly rotating cylinders. Thanks to this, she printed more than 15000 prints per hour. Subsequently, a speed of 30000 prints was achieved (such a machine processed a paper tape 3 km long in 1 minutes).
In addition to speed, the rotary machine had many other advantages. Paper could be put through several cylinders and immediately printed not only on both sides, but also in several different colors. For example, a strip of paper, having passed a cylinder with the main form for one side and taking on black ink, passed another cylinder that printed with black ink on the back, then went to a third one that printed with red ink, and so on. When the endless strip of paper received all the colors, it entered the last cylinder, on which a knife was installed, cutting the strip into sheets. Then the cut sheets passed into the folding apparatus, which was part of the machine, and here they folded the required number of times, after which the machine threw out the finished folded newspaper or sheet of the book. Author: Ryzhov K.V.
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