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HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, OBJECTS AROUND US
Wind farm. History of invention and production
Directory / The history of technology, technology, objects around us Wind power plant - several wind power plants assembled in one or more places and combined into a single network. Large wind farms may consist of 100 or more wind turbines. Sometimes wind farms are called "wind farms" (from the English. Wind farm).
The supply of wind energy is, in fact, unlimited. This energy is renewable, and unlike thermal power plants, wind energy does not use the wealth of the subsoil, and in fact the extraction of coal, oil, gas is associated with huge labor costs. In addition, thermal stations pollute the environment, and hydroelectric dams create artificial seas on rivers, disturbing the natural balance. On the other hand, a wind power plant of the same capacity as a hydroelectric power plant or nuclear power plant occupies a much larger area compared to them. And in fairness, it must be said that wind farms are not entirely harmless: they interfere with the flights of birds and insects, make noise, reflect radio waves with rotating blades, interfering with TV reception in nearby settlements. Typically, the working body of a wind turbine is the blades of a propeller, which is called a wind wheel. Its theory was developed at the beginning of the 59,3th century by the famous Russian scientist N.E. Zhukovsky. To describe the phenomena associated with the passage of an air flow through a wheel, he applied the theory of the lift force of an aircraft wing and determined the value of the maximum possible coefficient of utilization of wind energy by an ideal wheel. The efficiency was XNUMX percent.
The wind is a very capricious element, it blows from one side, after a while - from the other. In order for the wheel to effectively use the energy of the air flow, it must be turned into the wind every time. For this purpose, special devices are used - a tail plate (weather vane) or a small wind wheel (windrose). The wind rarely blows at a constant speed. Its speed has changed - the rotation of the wheel and the shaft associated with it has slowed down or accelerated, through which the rotation of the wheel is transmitted to an electric generator. In order for the shaft to rotate at a constant frequency, various devices are used. Various designs are used to generate wind energy. These are multi-bladed "daisies" and propellers like aircraft propellers with three, two and even one blade. Vertical structures are good because they catch the wind of any direction; the rest have to turn with the wind. Such a vertical rotor resembles a barrel cut along and mounted on an axis. There are also original solutions. For example, a cart with a sail rides on a ring of rails, and its wheels drive an electric generator. The most common type of wind power plants (WPP) is a turbine with a horizontal shaft and the number of blades from 1 to 3. The turbine, multiplier and electric generator are placed in a gondola mounted on the top of the mast. In the latest models of wind turbines, asynchronous variable speed generators are used, and the task of conditioning the generated electricity is performed by electronics. Wind farms are beneficial, as a rule, in regions where the average annual wind speed is 6 meters per second or higher and which are poor in other energy sources, as well as in areas where fuel delivery is very expensive. In Russia, this is, first of all, Sakhalin, Kamchatka, the Arctic, the Far North, etc. With an average annual wind speed of about 7 meters per second and an average number of hours of operation at full capacity of 2500 hours per year, such an installation generates electricity at a cost of 7-8 cents / kWh. Today, wind turbines with a unit capacity of 100-500 kW are the most common, although units with a unit capacity of several megawatts have been built and are in operation. Small wind turbines (less than 100 kW) are usually designed for autonomous operation. The systems they supply power to are finicky, require higher quality power supplies, and do not allow interruptions in power, such as during periods of calm. Therefore, they need a "understudy", that is, backup energy sources, for example, diesel engines of the same or lesser power than those of wind turbines. As for more powerful wind turbines (over 100 kW), they are used as power plants and are usually included in power systems. Usually, a sufficiently large number of wind turbines are installed on one site, forming the so-called wind farm. On one side of the "farm" the wind may blow, on the other it is quiet at this time. Windmills should not be placed too closely so that they do not block each other. Therefore, the "farm" takes up a lot of space. There are such "farms" in the USA, in France, in England, and in Denmark a "wind farm" was placed in the coastal shallow waters of the North Sea - there it does not interfere with anyone and the wind is more stable than on land. In California (USA), one of them has about a thousand wind turbines, so that the total installed capacity of the farm exceeds 100 MW. Usually, to reduce dependence on the whims of the wind, flywheels are included in the system, partially smoothing out gusts of wind, and various kinds of batteries, mostly electric. But at the same time, they also use air. In this case, the windmill pumps air into the cylinders. Coming out of there, its smooth jet rotates a turbine with an electric generator. Another option is hydraulic accumulators. Here, the force of the wind rises the water to a certain height, then, falling down, it rotates the turbine. They even put electrolysis batteries. The windmill produces an electric current that decomposes water into hydrogen and oxygen. They are stored in bottles. Then, as needed, hydrogen and oxygen are burned in a fuel cell or in a gas turbine, again receiving current, but without sharp voltage fluctuations associated with the vagaries of the wind. In Spain, an amazing wind turbine worked for a long time, creating the wind for itself! An extensive circle of earth at the base of the built high pipe was covered with plastic wrap on frame supports. The hot Spanish sun heated both the earth and the air under the film. As a result, an even constant draft appeared in the pipe, and the impeller built into the pipe rotated the generator. The draft did not stop even on cloudy days and at night: the earth keeps heat for a long time. However, the operation of such an installation turned out to be quite expensive. Gradually, the metal pipe rusted, and the film collapsed. After another hurricane, the system was not repaired. Wind turbines have been and are being used in Russia as well. In the early 1990s, a low-power wind turbine "Konvet-1E" was created in two modifications - with an asynchronous generator (2 kW, 230 V) and an inductor DC generator (12 or 24 V). A wind wheel with two blades rotates a generator. Thanks to the use of an inverter or rectifier, it is possible to provide energy to a TV, refrigerator, radio, and charge a battery. In areas with average annual wind speeds of 5-6 meters per second, the cost of 1 kWh from such a wind turbine is 1,4-1,7 times lower than from a gasoline unit of equivalent power. The mass of the installation is 460 kilograms. As you know, the trouble with many windmills is powerful air currents, under the influence of which they often break. In "Convet-1E" various automatic devices were used to prevent the wheel from spinning excessively in strong winds. The designers managed to achieve an aerodynamic efficiency of 46-48 percent. This is achieved through the use of high-quality non-metallic blades with a more perfect profile twisted along the length. High-speed wind turbines of foreign firms operate mainly starting from wind speeds of 5-6 meters per second. The special design of the blades and special devices allow the "Konvetu-1E" to start working efficiently even with a wind strength of 4 meters per second. The total capacity of wind turbines in the world is growing rapidly. In terms of the use of wind turbines, the United States leads the world, in Europe - Germany, England, Denmark and the Netherlands. Germany receives a tenth of its electricity from the wind, and the wind provides 2500 MW of electricity to the whole of Western Europe. As wind farms pay off and their designs improve, the price of "air" electricity falls. Thus, in 1993 in France, the cost of 1 kWh of electricity produced at a wind farm was 40 centimes, and by 2000 it had decreased by 1,5 times. Author: Musskiy S.A.
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