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MOST IMPORTANT SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES
Geocentric model of the world. History and essence of scientific discovery
Directory / The most important scientific discoveries Already in ancient times, people wanted to get answers to such important questions as "what is our Earth?", "What is its size?", "What is its place in the Universe?" etc. But the search for answers turned out to be long and difficult. “The ancient people compiled the first answers to the question “how does the surrounding world work?” on the basis of their direct impressions,” A.I. Klimishin writes in his book, “so, without feeling any movements of the Earth, people naturally assumed that it was motionless "Watching how the Sun, the Moon, the entire sky revolve around the Earth, they took it as an indisputable fact. They had no reason to doubt that the Earth is flat. And, finally, the assumption that it is located in the center of the world seemed so logical. .. In ancient Babylon, the idea was formed that the Earth looked like a convex round island floating in the oceans. It is as if the sky rests on the earth's surface - a solid stone vault to which stars and planets are attached and along which the Sun makes its daily walk. It is noteworthy that among the ancient Sumerians the word "na" meant both "sky" and "stone". Later, the main elements of this Babylonian model of the world are found among the ancient Jews; it, in particular, adhered to and the authors of the Bible. For example, the book of Job says that "God ... spread out the heavens hard, like a cast mirror" (Job, 37, 18). "Probably, in Ancient Greece for the first time they tried to scientifically explain these phenomena, to unravel the true reason for their appearance. So the outstanding thinker Heraclitus of Ephesus (circa 544-470 BC) proposed the continuous development of the world.According to Democritus (circa 460-370 BC), the Universe consists of an infinite number of worlds formed as a result of the collision of atoms, and some worlds are born, others are in a state of prosperity, others are destroyed.Democritus assumed that the Milky Way is a cluster of a large number of stars. У Pythagoras one comes across the idea that the earth is spherical and that it hangs in space without any support whatsoever. Aristotle (384-322 BC) in his work "On the Sky" already gives the size of the earth's circumference, from which it follows that the radius of the Earth in modern terms is approximately 10 kilometers. Aristotle wrote that the planet consists of earth, water, air and fire, while the heavenly bodies consist of another, indestructible form of matter - ether. The scientist argued that the four "elements" mentioned are located one above the other in the form of concentric spheres. Each element, having shifted from its "natural" place, tends to occupy it again. Therefore, they say, in nature, heavy elements move downwards (towards the "center of the Universe"), and light elements move upwards, where they pass into a state of rest. Aristotle and his followers opposed the ideas that already existed at that time about the possible rotation of the Earth around its axis and its movement in space. They put forward evidence that seemed irrefutable at that time: if the Earth rotated around its axis, then a headwind would arise that would blow everything off its surface towards the west, and the Earth’s movement would inevitably be detected by a change in the angular distance between arbitrarily taken in the sky by a pair of stars. It is now known that the earth's atmosphere equally participates in the daily rotation of the Earth, while the distances to the stars turned out to be so great that Aristotle had no chance to determine such a change. The work of Aristarchus of Samos (circa 320–230 BC) has survived to this day. He managed to measure the angular distance of the Moon from the Sun in the first quarter. He also made an attempt to determine the sizes and distances to the Moon and the Sun. According to Aristarchus, the distance from the Earth to the Moon is 19 Earth radii, and to the Sun is 19 times more. Apparently, having in mind the large dimensions of the Sun compared to the Earth, Aristarchus suggested that "that the fixed stars and the Sun do not change their place in space, that the Earth moves in a circle around the Sun," as he later reported and Archimedes. In the 0,27nd century BC, the greatest ancient astronomer Hipparchus determined the size of the moon with exceptional accuracy. According to Hipparchus, the radius of the Moon is equal to 59 Earth radii, which differs little from what is currently accepted. This outstanding astronomer determined the distance to the Moon at 60,3 Earth radii (the true average is 1120). However, the distance to the Sun from the time of Ptolemy and up to the 20th century was taken equal to XNUMX, i.e., about XNUMX times less than the true one. The first attempts to construct a model of the world that would explain the forward and backward motions of the planets were made by Eudoxus of Cnidus (c. 408-353 BC) and Aristotle. But the masterpiece of ancient astronomy was the work of the outstanding Alexandrian scientist Claudius Ptolemy (II century AD) "Almagest", in which a new theory of planetary motions was built. At that time, all other natural sciences were still only in their infancy. Astronomers, thanks to Ptolemy, already had a method that made it possible, with sufficient accuracy for that time, to calculate the position of the planets in the sky for any number of years ahead! In Ptolemy's geocentric model of the world, one planet moves at an angular velocity along a small circle - an epicycle, the center of which, that is, another "middle planet", rotates at an angular velocity along the deferent around the Earth. Due to the addition of both movements, the planet in space describes a loop-shaped curve - a hypocycloid, which, in projection onto the celestial sphere at quite certain values of angular velocities, as well as values of the ratio of the radius of the epicycle to the radius of the deferent for each of the planets, completely explained its movement in the sky. Ptolemy determined these values with great precision. In connection with the peculiarities of the movement of the planets, Mercury and Venus were called lower. Mars, Jupiter and Saturn are the upper planets. In the system of the Ptolemaic world, the centers of the epicycles of the lower planets are always located on a straight line connecting the Earth with the Sun, and each of the upper planets is located on the epicycle in exactly the same direction in which the Sun is relative to the Earth, in other words, the radius vectors of the epicycles of Mars, Jupiter and Saturn is always parallel to each other. It can also be seen that the upper planet, occupying a position in the sky opposite to the Sun (opposition of the planet), is in the closest position to the Earth - in perigee (from the Greek "peri" - near). At the moment of the conjunction of the planet with the Sun, when the directions to both luminaries coincide, the planet is at its apogee - at the point farthest from the Earth (from the Greek "apo" - far away). As A.I. Klimishin, "the question arises: if the Ptolemy system is erroneous, since it was based on a false idea of a motionless Earth as the center of the universe, then why do the calculations carried out on its basis give the correct results? After all, that is why it has been used by astronomers for almost 1400 years. The answer to the set the question is obvious: this is a kinematic system. Ptolemy did not explain (and could not explain) why the movement of the planet is exactly the way he described it. But each movement is relative. And, paradoxically, Ptolemy described and modeled the movement of each of the planets absolutely correct - as it really is seen by an observer from the Earth. The epicycle of the upper planet is a reflection of the movement of the Earth around the Sun (in the case of the lower planet, this is its deferent)." But "... with the help of Ptolemy's data, it was difficult to coordinate information about the positions of one or another planet, separated by a time interval of several hundred years. Therefore, his system became more and more complicated, many additional epicycles were introduced into it, which made it extremely cumbersome. Ptolemy's theory of the Moon's motion clearly contradicted the observations. As a result, Ptolemy's model, overloaded with epicycles, collapsed. There was a revolution in the views on the world and the place of the Earth in the Universe..." Author: Samin D.K.
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