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MOST IMPORTANT SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES
Big bang concept. History and essence of scientific discovery
Directory / The most important scientific discoveries The possibility of the expansion of the Universe was theoretically predicted as one of the consequences of applying the general theory of relativity to the solution of cosmological problems. The first works in this area belong to the talented Soviet mathematician Alexander Aleksandrovich Fridman (1888–1925). He is widely known as a meteorological geophysicist, a specialist in applied issues of atmospheric dynamics. But Friedman devoted a lot of time to the mathematical analysis of solutions to Einstein's cosmological equations. Shortly before his death, Friedman received a series of solutions to Einstein's equations. It turned out that expansion could be one of the main general properties of the Universe - the most important attribute of its evolution. The works of the Russian scientist at first did not attract due attention. They were appreciated only in connection with the discovery E. Hubble redshift and the development of modern ideas about the originally hot Universe and the Big Bang. In 1927, J. Lemaitre, a student from Eddington, independently of Friedman, put forward his idea of the origin of the Universe and its further expansion from a point. She was given for some time the name of "atom-father". Lemaitre himself was categorically against such an image and, in general, the theological interpretation of his theory. Lemaitre presented the process of the origin of the Universe in the form of the Big Bang. The young scientist was the first to try to find the likely traces of the initial explosion. Lemaitre admitted that such an echo could be cosmic rays. Astronomers noticed his hypothesis only after a speech in 1933, when Lemaitre put forward a new version of the concept of the expansion of the Universe - from a dense clot of matter of finite but very small sizes. The task of forming a more specific, physically developed evolutionary cosmological-cosmogonic model of the expanding Universe was solved mainly by the American physicist Gamow, Russian by origin. George (Georgy Antonovich) Gamow (1904–1968) first proposed in 1946 a theory that later became known as the "Big Bang Theory" (more precisely, the "Big Impact"). According to it, the entire modern observable Universe is the result of a catastrophically fast expansion of matter that was previously in a superdense state, inaccessible to description within the framework of modern physics. The removal of galaxies is subject to unusual mathematical patterns. It happens at different speeds. The greater the distance between galaxies, the higher is the speed of their mutual removal. “We are able to build a model of the above-described “recession” of galaxies,” writes A.A. Gurshtein, “if we do not consider the real infinite space of three dimensions, but restrict ourselves in our model to only the surface - the space of two dimensions. Imagine that “the entire The Universe "is located on some closed surface, which is similar to the surface of a constantly inflated rubber ball. Let the galaxies in our model be represented by points plotted on the surface of this ball. As it inflates, all the distances between the" galaxies "measured along the surface of the ball will indeed systematically increase , and the speed of the recession of the "galaxies" will be the greater, the greater was the initial distance between them. As Gamow believed, the expansion of matter that began at the same time - in the form of an initially inseparable high-temperature mixture of radiation and matter (elementary particles) - is also observed today in the form of the "redshift" effect. Gamow, together with his collaborators R. Alfer and R. Herman, predicted in 1948 that cooled primary isotropic electromagnetic thermal radiation with a temperature of about 5 K should also be observed. “However, the development of the theory was largely hampered by the general skepticism of astrophysicists of those years towards the possibility of solving such a fantastic task - to understand the “beginning of the history of the entire Universe as a whole,” write A.I. Eremeeva and F.A. Tsitsin: On the other hand, radio physicists considered it completely impossible to catch thermal radio emission of such a low temperature in world space with the help of existing equipment, already because such a signal would be drowned out by the radio emission of stars, galaxies, the interstellar medium, in short, cosmic radio noise . For almost two decades, the concept of the Big Bang for most astronomers remained a "mind game" of a few physicists and cosmologists. It was only later that it became clear that the earlier solution of the problem was largely prevented by the gap in scientific contacts that still exists between modern theorists and observers. The differentiation of science also played a significant negative role, due to which specialists, even those working in related fields, sometimes know little about the problems of their neighbors. The consequence of the concept of the initially hot Universe was the conclusion that, as a legacy from this era, if only it really took place, the residual, or, as it is called, relict, radiation in the radio range should be everywhere preserved in the Universe. Canadian astrophysicist E. McKellar in 1941 encountered an unusual phenomenon - an excited state of interstellar cyan molecules. The excitation temperature was 2,3 K. This fact could be the basis for the conclusion that there is a corresponding exciter radiation in the world space. However, it seems that the authors of the Big Bang theory did not know anything about this discovery. Only much later, the Soviet astrophysicist I.S. Shklovsky and independently a number of other authors. Calculations by A.G. Doroshkevich and I.D. Novikov in 1964 showed that the CMB is, in principle, detectable, and, therefore, the conclusion of the Big Bang theory can be verified using observations. Much later it became clear in hindsight that by the time of this calculation, the cosmic microwave background radiation had already been discovered in the USSR and Japan. In the USSR, this discovery was published by T.A. Shmaonov in 1957. “But the trouble was,” writes Gurnstein, “that the observers and theoreticians worked in isolation from each other. There was no exchange of information between them. The observer did not know how to correctly interpret his strange results. The remarkable article of the theorists went unnoticed. By the mid-sixties, experimental radio astronomers set out to build special equipment for detecting cosmic microwave background radiation. But they were outstripped by engineers who carried out research on combating radio noise in communication with artificial Earth satellites. In 1965, radio engineers A. Penzias and R. Wilson (USA), while testing a horn antenna for observing the American Echo satellite, accidentally discovered the existence of microwave (at a wavelength of 7,35 cm) cosmic radio noise, which does not depend on the direction of the antenna. During 1966-1967, this discovery - the discovery of the cosmic microwave background - was independently confirmed by a number of researchers in different countries. The features of this phenomenon, corresponding to the general thermal radiation of the Universe with a temperature of about 2,7 K, coincided with the predictions of the Big Bang theory. The authors of the book "History of Astronomy" note: "The discovery of the CMB was the greatest achievement in astronomy of the XNUMXth century and was largely the result of the development of radio astronomy technology and the fact that the scientific atmosphere itself was ripe for its perception. This discovery made it a reliable fact at least that that the Universe (Metagalaxy) really evolves Finally, the discovery of the cosmic microwave background became a powerful stimulus for the further development of the idea of the Big Bang. A new stage in the development of ideas about the early stages of the evolution of the Universe was the "hot Universe theory", especially in the works of Academician Ya.B. Zeldovich (1914–1987) and his school. The idea of the nature of the initial expansion of the Universe has changed a lot today. In addition to the main difficulty in describing such a "beginning" (its inaccessibility for modern theoretical physics), other serious difficulties were discovered when trying to describe the subsequent, already in principle accessible to modern physics, but still very early history of the expansion of the Universe as a whole. In order to overcome these difficulties, the concept of an inflating (or inflationary) Universe was proposed in the 80s (A. Guth, USA; A. D. Linde, USSR). The idea of multiplicity and repeated occurrence at different moments of time of the inflating universes themselves is discussed. Thus, the most ancient idea of the revival of the Universe, the idea of an endless chain of births and deaths of worlds of all scales, as well as the concept of island universes, which was already born as a result of the combination of gravitational theory and observations, are being revived today, but at an incomparably higher level - both in relation to scales and qualitative variety of objects. These ideas can be considered as a harbinger, and perhaps the beginning of the third revolution in the cosmological picture of the world." Author: Samin D.K.
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