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BIOGRAPHIES OF GREAT SCIENTISTS
Schrödinger Erwin Rudolf Joseph Alexander. Biography of a scientist
Directory / Biographies of great scientists
Austrian physicist Erwin Rudolf Joseph Alexander Schrödinger was born on August 12, 1887 in Vienna. His father, Rudolf Schrödinger, was the owner of an oilcloth factory, was fond of painting and had an interest in botany. An only child, Erwin received his primary education at home. His first teacher was his father, whom Schrödinger later referred to as "a friend, a teacher and an untiring companion." In 1898, Schrödinger entered the Academic Gymnasium, where he was the first student in Greek, Latin, classical literature, mathematics and physics. During his high school years, Schrödinger developed a love for the theatre. In 1906 he entered the University of Vienna and the following year began attending lectures on physics by Friedrich Hasenerl, whose brilliant ideas made a deep impression on Erwin. Having defended his doctoral dissertation in 1910, Schrödinger became an assistant to the experimental physicist Franz Exner at the 2nd Physics Institute at the University of Vienna. He held this position until the outbreak of the First World War. In 1913, Schrödinger and K. W. F. Kohlrausch received the Heitinger Prize of the Imperial Academy of Sciences for their experimental research on radium. During the war, Schrödinger served as an artillery officer in a provincial garrison located in the mountains, far from the front line. Using his free time productively, he studied Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity. After the end of the war, he returned to the 2nd Institute of Physics in Vienna, where he continued his research on general relativity, statistical mechanics (dealing with the study of systems consisting of a very large number of interacting objects, such as gas molecules) and X-ray diffraction. At the same time, Schrödinger conducts extensive experimental and theoretical research on color theory and color perception. In 1920, Schrödinger married Annemaria Bertel, the couple had no children. In the same year, Schrödinger went to Germany, where he became an assistant to Max Wien at the University of Jena, but four months later became an associate professor at the Stuttgart University of Technology. After one semester, he leaves Stuttgart and briefly takes up a professorship in Breslau (now Wroclaw, Poland). Schrödinger then moved to Switzerland and became a full professor there, as well as the successor to Einstein and Max von Laue in the Department of Physics at the University of Zurich. In Zurich, where Schrödinger remains from 1921 to 1927, he is mainly concerned with thermodynamics and statistical mechanics and their application to explain the nature of gases and solids. Interested in a wide range of physical problems, he also follows the progress of quantum theory, but does not focus on this area until 1925, when Einstein's favorable review of Louis de Broglie's wave theory of matter appeared. Quantum theory was born in 1900 when Max Planck proposed a theoretical conclusion about the relationship between the temperature of a body and the radiation emitted by that body, a conclusion that had eluded other scientists for a long time. Then Einstein, Niels Bohr, Ernest Rutherford "had a hand" in this theory. A new essential feature of quantum theory emerged in 1924 when de Broglie put forward a radical hypothesis about the wave nature of matter: if electromagnetic waves, such as light, sometimes behave like particles (as Einstein showed), then particles, such as an electron, under certain circumstances, can behave themselves like waves. In de Broglie's formulation, the frequency corresponding to a particle is related to its energy, as in the case of a photon (particle of light), but de Broglie's mathematical expression was an equivalent relationship between the wavelength, the particle's mass, and its velocity (momentum). The existence of electronic waves was experimentally proven in 1927 by Clinton J. Davisson and Lester G. Germer in the United States and J. P. Thomson in England. Impressed by Einstein's comments on de Broglie's ideas, Schrödinger attempted to apply the wave description of electrons to the construction of a consistent quantum theory, unrelated to Bohr's inadequate model of the atom. In a sense, he intended to bring quantum theory closer to classical physics, which has accumulated many examples of the mathematical description of waves. The first attempt, made by Schrödinger in 1925, ended in failure. The velocities of electrons in Schrödinger's theory were close to the speed of light, which required the inclusion of Einstein's special theory of relativity in it and taking into account the significant increase in the electron mass predicted by it at very high velocities. One of the reasons for the failure that befell the scientist was that he did not take into account the presence of a specific property of the electron, now known as spin (the rotation of an electron around its own axis, like a top), which at that time was little known. Schrödinger made his next attempt in 1926. This time, the electron velocities were chosen by him to be so small that the need to involve the theory of relativity disappeared by itself. The second attempt was crowned with the derivation of the Schrödinger wave equation, which gives a mathematical description of matter in terms of the wave function. Schrödinger called his theory wave mechanics. The solutions to the wave equation were in agreement with experimental observations and had a profound effect on the subsequent development of quantum theory. Shortly before that, Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, and Pascual Jordan published another version of quantum theory, called matrix mechanics, which described quantum phenomena using tables of observables. These tables are mathematical sets ordered in a certain way, called matrices, on which, according to known rules, various mathematical operations can be performed. Matrix mechanics also made it possible to achieve agreement with observed experimental data, but unlike wave mechanics, it did not contain any specific references to spatial coordinates or time. Heisenberg especially insisted on abandoning any simple visual representations or models in favor of only those properties that could be determined from experiment. Schrödinger showed that wave mechanics and matrix mechanics are mathematically equivalent. Now collectively known as quantum mechanics, these two theories provided the long-awaited common basis for describing quantum phenomena. Many physicists preferred wave mechanics, because its mathematical apparatus was more familiar to them, and its concepts seemed more "physical"; operations on matrices are more cumbersome. In 1927, at the invitation of Planck, Schrödinger became his successor at the Department of Theoretical Physics at the University of Berlin. Shortly after Heisenberg and Schrödinger developed quantum mechanics, P. A. M. Dirac proposed a more general theory that combined elements of Einstein's special theory of relativity with the wave equation. Dirac's equation is applicable to particles moving at arbitrary speeds. The spin and magnetic properties of the electron followed from Dirac's theory without any additional assumptions. In addition, Dirac's theory predicted the existence of antiparticles, such as the positron and antiproton, twins of particles with opposite electric charges. In 1933, Schrödinger and Dirac were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory". At the presentation ceremony, Hans Pleyel, a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, paid tribute to Schrödinger for "creating a new system of mechanics that is valid for motion within atoms and molecules." According to Pleyel, wave mechanics provides not only "a solution to a number of problems in atomic physics, but also a simple and convenient method for studying the properties of atoms and molecules and has become a powerful stimulus for the development of physics." Along with Einstein and de Broglie, Schrödinger was among the opponents of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics (so named in recognition of the merits of Niels Bohr, who did a lot for the development of quantum mechanics; Bohr lived and worked in Copenhagen), because he was repelled by its lack of determinism. The Copenhagen interpretation is based on the Heisenberg uncertainty relation, according to which the position and velocity of a particle cannot be known exactly at the same time. The more precisely the position of the particle is measured, the more uncertain the velocity, and vice versa. Subatomic events can only be predicted as probabilities of various outcomes of experimental measurements. Schrödinger rejected the Copenhagen view of the wave and corpuscular models as "additional", coexisting with the picture of reality, and continued to search for a description of the behavior of matter in terms of waves alone. However, he failed on this path, and the Copenhagen interpretation became dominant. In 1933, the scientist left the Department of Theoretical Physics at the University of Berlin after the Nazis came to power, in protest against the persecution of dissidents and, in particular, against the attack on the street on one of his assistants, a Jew by nationality. From Germany, Schrödinger went as a visiting professor to Oxford, where soon after his arrival the news came that he had been awarded the Nobel Prize. In 1936, despite misgivings about his future, Schrödinger accepted the offer and became a professor at the University of Graz in Austria, but in 1938, after the annexation of Austria by Germany, he was forced to leave this post, fleeing to Italy. Accepting the invitation, he then moved to Ireland, where he became professor of theoretical physics at the Dublin Institute for Basic Research and remained in this position for seventeen years, doing research in wave mechanics, statistics, statistical thermodynamics, field theory, and especially general relativity. After the war, the Austrian government tried to persuade Schrödinger to return to Austria, but he refused while the country was occupied by Soviet troops. In 1956 he accepted the chair of theoretical physics at the University of Vienna. This was the last post he held in his life. All his life he was a lover of nature and an avid hiker. Among his colleagues, Schrödinger was known as a closed, eccentric person who had few like-minded people. Dirac describes Schrödinger's arrival at the prestigious Solvay Congress in Brussels in this way: "All his belongings fit in a backpack. He looked like a tramp, and it took quite a long time to convince the receptionist before he gave Schrödinger a hotel room." Schrödinger was deeply interested not only in the scientific but also in the philosophical aspects of physics, and wrote several philosophical studies in Dublin. Reflecting on the problems of applying physics to biology, he put forward the idea of a molecular approach to the study of genes, setting it out in the book What is Life? Physical Aspects of the Living Cell (1944), which influenced several biologists, including Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins. Schrödinger also published a volume of his poetry. He retired in 1958, at the age of seventy-one, and died three years later, on January 4, 1961, in Vienna. In addition to the Nobel Prize, Schrödinger was awarded many awards and honors, including the Matteucci Gold Medal of the Italian National Academy of Sciences, the Max Planck Medal of the German Physical Society, and was awarded the Order of Merit by the German government. Schrodinger was an honorary doctor of the universities of Ghent, Dublin and Edinburgh, was a member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, the Royal Society of London, the Berlin Academy of Sciences, the USSR Academy of Sciences, the Dublin Academy of Sciences and the Madrid Academy of Sciences. Author: Samin D.K.
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