What are the development paths for India and Pakistan? Detailed answer

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What are the development paths for India and Pakistan? Detailed answer

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What are the development paths for India and Pakistan?

The Indian Independence Act provided for the creation of two dominions, the Indian Union and Pakistan. The former British colony was divided along religious lines. The disengagement took place in the conditions of acute Indo-Muslim enmity and bloody clashes.

In 1949, the Constituent Assembly of India adopted a new constitution, which came into force in 1950. The constitution proclaimed the Republic of India. The general parliamentary elections for the state legislatures brought victory to the Indian National Congress. Since that time, this party has led governments almost without change. The first government was headed by D. Nehru, then his daughter - I. Gandhi, then her son - R. Gandhi. After his assassination, N. Rao became the head of the government.

The first major reform of the new government was the solution of the agrarian issue. The land was given to the peasants. Supported the development of cooperation, the introduction of advanced agrotechnical methods of farming. India itself began to cope with food difficulties, although a significant part of its population is still on the verge of a half-starved existence.

India is developing along a Euro-capitalist path. A mixed economy with a strong public sector is based on competitive market relations and attraction of foreign capital.

In political development, India relies on the experience of the British parliamentary-democratic system. The principle of separation of powers, in line with European standards, is respected. There is a multi-party system in India.

However, India has many specific problems. The most acute is national-religious strife (Indo-Muslim clashes, the Sikh movement for political autonomy, Tamil separatist movements in the south, etc.). The problem of castes remains practically unchanged.

The demographic problem (high birth rate) remains a difficult problem in the country.

Pakistan was part of India. The complete Islamization of this region of the country has led to significant structural changes.

For a number of years, the Muslim League exercised political power in the region. Only in 1955 did the Constituent Assembly approve the constitution. Pakistan was declared an Islamic Republic. Unlike India, Pakistan has a presidential form of government. The government is headed by the prime minister. Both houses of parliament have limited powers. After the military coup in 1958, this tendency to limit representative bodies intensified.

In 1962 a new constitution was introduced. In 1977, the elected government of Z. Bhutto was overthrown and the military dictatorship of General Zia-ul-Haq was re-established. It was replaced by the government of B. Bhutto (daughter of Z. Bhutto). For a Muslim country, her coming to power was not traditional. Soon this government was overthrown. In 1993, B. Bhutto again headed the government.

Pakistan, like India, has taken the Eurocapitalist path, although the problem of democratization in the country is difficult to solve. In the 1970s-1980s. In Pakistan, reforms were carried out in the agricultural sector. In industry, the foundations of the state sector were created, private enterprise and foreign investment were supported.

In the course of the reforms, sharp contradictions were revealed between the eastern (Bangladesh) and western parts of the republic. This led to the eventual separation of Bangladesh from West Pakistan. Bangladesh became an independent republic.

However, the Republic of Bangladesh has not been able to overcome its economic backwardness. An attempt to solve these problems by relying on the development of the public sector and the centralization of economic management did not lead to the desired goals. In the 1980s a change of course followed, the privatization of the public sector was carried out, and the development of private enterprise was promoted. But for now, Bangladesh remains a poor country.

In the foreign policy of the Republic of Pakistan and Bangladesh, they follow different courses. Pakistan is the object of attention of the USA, Russia, China, Great Britain. After the collapse of the SEATO and CENTO military blocs, Pakistan became a member of the non-aligned movement.

Author: Irina Tkachenko

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

How long can a chicken live without a head?

About two years.

On September 10, 1945, a plump young cockerel from Fruita, Colorado lost his head and survived. The ax miraculously did not hit the jugular vein, and enough of the brain stem was left on the neck so that the chicken not only lived, but also flourished.

Known as "Mike," the cockerel became a national hero, traveled nearly the entire country, and was even featured in magazines such as Time and Life. Its owner, Lloyd Olsen, charged twenty-five cents to see "Mike the Headless Wonder Chicken" at fairground shows across America. Mike appeared on stage with a dried chicken head - allegedly his own. In fact, the Olsen cat has long since finished with the original. At the height of his fame, Mike was earning $4500 a month and was valued at $10. His massive success sparked a wave of imitators, although none of the decapitated victims lasted more than two days.

They fed and watered Mike with a pipette. In the two years that have passed since the chicken lost his head, he gained almost three kilos and all the time he did nothing but happily “clean his feathers” and “peck” food with the remains of his neck. One person who knew Mike well commented: "He was a big, fat chicken who didn't know he didn't have a head."

But one day the unthinkable happened. The tragedy occurred in a motel room in Phoenix, Arizona. Mike choked, and Lloyd Olsen, to his horror, realized that he had left his pipette at the evening performance. Unable to clear his airway on his own, Mike suffocated to death.

Mike remains a cult figure in Colorado to this day. Since May 1999, the town of Fruita has celebrated his passing with a special Mike the Headless Chicken Day.

Test your knowledge! Did you know...

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