How did the culture of Western countries develop in the first half of the twentieth century? Detailed answer

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How did the culture of Western countries develop in the first half of the twentieth century? Detailed answer

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How did the culture of Western countries develop in the first half of the twentieth century?

At the beginning of the twentieth century. major changes were taking place in the countries of Europe and America. The revolution in natural science, the new industrial age, the crisis of the classical worldview systems prompted a rethinking of the changed conditions of life and again raised the question of its meaning. Wars, militarism, the destruction of nature in connection with active industrial development, and the social tension that persisted in society inspired many people with anxiety. Among the creative intelligentsia and scientists, moods of pessimism and impending social disasters grew.

At this critical time, some thinkers turned to the classical philosophical legacy of Hegel (neo-Hegelianism), and the other to Kant (neo-Kantianism).

In the philosophical controversy of that time, polar points of view and theories collided. American pragmatism, which accused the old philosophy of being out of touch with life, offered to tackle the practical problems that arise in people's real lives. Supporters of the "philosophy of life", the founders of which are considered to be the German philosophers A. Schopenhauer and F. Nietzsche, opposed rationalism, appealing to irrational principles in the human psyche. F. Nietzsche was especially critical of Christianity and rationalism, which, in his opinion, acted depressingly on the "will to live."

At the beginning of the twentieth century. the sciences of society and man have been enriched by a number of new concepts. The teaching of the French philosopher A. Bergson about intuition, which he opposed to rationalism, had a great influence on many figures of science and culture. No less significant was the influence of the doctrine of psychoanalysis, the foundations of which were laid by the Austrian scientist S. Freud. The doctrine of unconscious impulses allowed Freud to create a method for treating neuroses.

At the beginning of the twentieth century. received the development of sociology - the science of the various aspects of the development of society. The works of M. Weber, who studied the formation of a capitalist society, gained wide popularity. In particular, he tried to clarify the role of Protestant ethics in this process.

Ideological searches were also distinguished by figures of art and literature. At the beginning of the twentieth century. a neo-romantic direction arose, which sought to rethink the past of European and all world culture.

In line with the era of neo-romanticism, the forerunner of which was the composer R. Wagner, literary symbolism developed. Having originated in France back in the XNUMXth century, symbolism also captured other forms of art - theater, painting, music. The combination of the real and the mystical, the social and the individual, allegoricalness determined the aesthetics of symbolism.

Critical realism also retained its position in literature. Literary figures were concerned not only with creative problems, but also with all the complexity and inconsistency of life. R. Rolland, A. France, T. Mann, J. London, T. Dreiser, E. Sinclair worked in this direction. He did a lot to update the dramaturgy of B. Shaw.

In the visual arts, symbolism was embodied by the plastic means of the Art Nouveau style. Impressionism, characteristic of painting, was in deep crisis. It was replaced by a number of new artistic movements. So, the French artist P. Cezanne laid the foundation for post-impressionism. Its representatives sought to penetrate even deeper into the essence of phenomena, to express the inner world of man. Cubism had a great influence on the development of painting. The founders of this trend are the French artists P. Picasso, M. Duchamp and J. Braque. The Cubists created new forms of multidimensional perspective, decomposed the object into geometric forms and tried to create a new reality. Many artists, in search of new forms of perception of life, turned to ancient archaic cultures and oriental heritage. P. Gauguin, A. Matisse worked in this vein.

In theatrical art, special attention was paid to the elements of stage performance: scenery painting, unique costume design, and choreography. The theater of this time most fully embodied the ideas of synthetic art.

At the beginning of the twentieth century. a new art form appeared - cinematography. The movie stars of the beginning of the century - A. Did, M. Linder, Ch. Chaplin - gained world fame.

Author: Irina Tkachenko

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